@article{Wong2021b,

title = {Found in Transliteration: Translanguaging and the Polyvocality of Xiqu Centre},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-02-01},

journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics},

volume = {25},

number = {1},

abstract = {This article illustrates how the linguistic‐anthropological notion of axes of differentiation can illuminate translanguaging practices. Through an analysis of media texts, it explores the ways in which multilingual Hongkongers draw on their semiotic repertoires to make sense of Xiqu Centre as the English name of the recently inaugurated center for traditional Chinese theater in their city. Against the backdrop of different axes of differentiation, supporters and detractors contrast the Putonghua word xìqǔ “traditional Chinese theater” with its equivalents in English and Cantonese respectively, thereby arriving at diametrically opposed interpretations of the name. While many detractors engage in interpretive practices that challenge the discreteness of linguistic systems, others who use their multilingual knowledge to criticize the name appeal to ideologies of linguistic purism. To fully understand multilinguals’ production.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2021,

title = {Chineseness and Cantonese tones in post-1997 Hong Kong},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {76},

pages = {58-68},

abstract = {This article explores the ideological selection of linguistic features as emblems. Building on the notion of raciolinguistic enregisterment, it examines why the Cantonese tone system, rather than some other linguistic feature, has lately transformed into an emblem of the Han race, Chineseness, and Hongkongers. Three characteristics of Cantonese tones facilitate this transformation: their multifaceted nature, their indexical expansiveness, and the ‘storiability’ of their indexical meanings. The indexical linkages that Cantonese tones evoke fit into a myth of Cantonese superiority, which speaks to many Hongkongers' anxiety resulting from the recent rise of mainland China and the concomitant decline of their city.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2021bb,

title = {Complicating raciolinguistics: Language, Chineseness, and the Sinophone},

author = {Andrew Wong and Hsi-Yao Su and Mie Hiramoto},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {76},

pages = {131-135},

abstract = {This special issue explores the contested notion of Chineseness through an examination of the language ideologies and practices of those who are arguably on its margins. The six ethnographic cases presented in this issue not only shed light on how language mediates the relationship between race, ethnicity, and nationality, but also reveal the myriad ways in which ideologies of language, race, and nation work together to produce a variety of racial and ethnic subject positions. Expanding the scope of raciolinguistics, they demonstrate why we cannot lose sight of China and Chineseness when studying the relations between language, race, and ethnicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2021bb,

title = {Complicating raciolinguistics: Language, Chineseness, and the Sinophone},

author = {Andrew Wong and Hsi-Yao Su and Mie Hiramoto},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {76},

pages = {131-135},

abstract = {This special issue explores the contested notion of Chineseness through an examination of the language ideologies and practices of those who are arguably on its margins. The six ethnographic cases presented in this issue not only shed light on how language mediates the relationship between race, ethnicity, and nationality, but also reveal the myriad ways in which ideologies of language, race, and nation work together to produce a variety of racial and ethnic subject positions. Expanding the scope of raciolinguistics, they demonstrate why we cannot lose sight of China and Chineseness when studying the relations between language, race, and ethnicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2021bb,

title = {Complicating raciolinguistics: Language, Chineseness, and the Sinophone},

author = {Andrew Wong and Hsi-Yao Su and Mie Hiramoto},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {76},

pages = {131-135},

abstract = {This special issue explores the contested notion of Chineseness through an examination of the language ideologies and practices of those who are arguably on its margins. The six ethnographic cases presented in this issue not only shed light on how language mediates the relationship between race, ethnicity, and nationality, but also reveal the myriad ways in which ideologies of language, race, and nation work together to produce a variety of racial and ethnic subject positions. Expanding the scope of raciolinguistics, they demonstrate why we cannot lose sight of China and Chineseness when studying the relations between language, race, and ethnicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2021bb,

title = {Complicating raciolinguistics: Language, Chineseness, and the Sinophone},

author = {Andrew Wong and Hsi-Yao Su and Mie Hiramoto},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {76},

pages = {131-135},

abstract = {This special issue explores the contested notion of Chineseness through an examination of the language ideologies and practices of those who are arguably on its margins. The six ethnographic cases presented in this issue not only shed light on how language mediates the relationship between race, ethnicity, and nationality, but also reveal the myriad ways in which ideologies of language, race, and nation work together to produce a variety of racial and ethnic subject positions. Expanding the scope of raciolinguistics, they demonstrate why we cannot lose sight of China and Chineseness when studying the relations between language, race, and ethnicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2021bb,

title = {Complicating raciolinguistics: Language, Chineseness, and the Sinophone},

author = {Andrew Wong and Hsi-Yao Su and Mie Hiramoto},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.11.005},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {76},

pages = {131-135},

abstract = {This special issue explores the contested notion of Chineseness through an examination of the language ideologies and practices of those who are arguably on its margins. The six ethnographic cases presented in this issue not only shed light on how language mediates the relationship between race, ethnicity, and nationality, but also reveal the myriad ways in which ideologies of language, race, and nation work together to produce a variety of racial and ethnic subject positions. Expanding the scope of raciolinguistics, they demonstrate why we cannot lose sight of China and Chineseness when studying the relations between language, race, and ethnicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2021bb,

title = {Complicating raciolinguistics: Language, Chineseness, and the Sinophone},

author = {Andrew Wong and Hsi-Yao Su and Mie Hiramoto},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.11.005},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {76},

pages = {131-135},

abstract = {This special issue explores the contested notion of Chineseness through an examination of the language ideologies and practices of those who are arguably on its margins. The six ethnographic cases presented in this issue not only shed light on how language mediates the relationship between race, ethnicity, and nationality, but also reveal the myriad ways in which ideologies of language, race, and nation work together to produce a variety of racial and ethnic subject positions. Expanding the scope of raciolinguistics, they demonstrate why we cannot lose sight of China and Chineseness when studying the relations between language, race, and ethnicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2021bb,

title = {Complicating raciolinguistics: Language, Chineseness, and the Sinophone},

author = {Andrew Wong and Hsi-Yao Su and Mie Hiramoto},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.11.005},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {76},

pages = {131-135},

abstract = {This special issue explores the contested notion of Chineseness through an examination of the language ideologies and practices of those who are arguably on its margins. The six ethnographic cases presented in this issue not only shed light on how language mediates the relationship between race, ethnicity, and nationality, but also reveal the myriad ways in which ideologies of language, race, and nation work together to produce a variety of racial and ethnic subject positions. Expanding the scope of raciolinguistics, they demonstrate why we cannot lose sight of China and Chineseness when studying the relations between language, race, and ethnicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2021bb,

title = {Complicating raciolinguistics: Language, Chineseness, and the Sinophone},

author = {Andrew Wong and Hsi-Yao Su and Mie Hiramoto},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.11.005},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {76},

pages = {131-135},

abstract = {This special issue explores the contested notion of Chineseness through an examination of the language ideologies and practices of those who are arguably on its margins. The six ethnographic cases presented in this issue not only shed light on how language mediates the relationship between race, ethnicity, and nationality, but also reveal the myriad ways in which ideologies of language, race, and nation work together to produce a variety of racial and ethnic subject positions. Expanding the scope of raciolinguistics, they demonstrate why we cannot lose sight of China and Chineseness when studying the relations between language, race, and ethnicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2021bb,

title = {Complicating raciolinguistics: Language, Chineseness, and the Sinophone},

author = {Andrew Wong and Hsi-Yao Su and Mie Hiramoto},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.11.005},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {76},

pages = {131-135},

abstract = {This special issue explores the contested notion of Chineseness through an examination of the language ideologies and practices of those who are arguably on its margins. The six ethnographic cases presented in this issue not only shed light on how language mediates the relationship between race, ethnicity, and nationality, but also reveal the myriad ways in which ideologies of language, race, and nation work together to produce a variety of racial and ethnic subject positions. Expanding the scope of raciolinguistics, they demonstrate why we cannot lose sight of China and Chineseness when studying the relations between language, race, and ethnicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2019,

title = {Authenticity, belonging, and charter myths of Cantonese},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-09-01},

journal = {Language & Communication},

volume = {64},

pages = {37-45},

abstract = {Through an analysis of arguments for protecting Cantonese against the encroachment of Putonghua in post-1997 Hong Kong, this article explores tensions in the ideological complex of authenticity and highlights the importance of investigating how spatial and temporal relationships work together to shape understandings of what counts as ‘real’, ‘natural’, and ‘original’. To endow Cantonese with authority, language advocates in Hong Kong draw on contrasting ideologies of authenticity and construct two distinct charter myths for their mother tongue. Invoking vastly different chronotopes, these ideologies are intimately linked to how Hongkongers view their place in the Chinese nation and the Communist regime.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2018,

title = {Sinophone Linguistics: Language Politics in the Chinese Peripheries},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

abstract = {Sociolinguists have long been interested in communities on the geopolitical fringes of China proper. They have studied the linguistic ideologies and practices of various social groups in Taiwan (eg, Sandel 2003; Su 2008), in Hong Kong and Macau (eg, Chen 2008; Yan 2016), in “overseas Chinese”(huaqiao) communities (eg, Duff 2014; Li, ed. 2015), and in ethnic minority communities in mainland China (eg, Bulag 2003; Stanford & Evans 2012). Yet research in this area has so far lacked an overarching framework that can tie disparate studies together, promote dialogue and cross-fertilization, and present a set of common goals that researchers with different geographical foci can all pursue. I will argue in this presentation that Sinophone linguistics offers such a framework.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2016b,

title = {Same‐Sex Marriage, Context, and Lesbian Identity: Wedded but Not Always a Wife. Julie Whitlow and Patricia Ould. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015. xxi+ 179 pp.},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-12-01},

journal = {Journal of Linguistic Anthropology},

volume = {26},

number = {3},

pages = {356-358},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2016,

title = {On the iconization of simplified Chinese},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-08-01},

journal = {Journal of Linguistic Anthropology},

volume = {26},

number = {2},

pages = {184-203},

abstract = {Although iconization is widely recognized as a crucial process through which linguistic differences are accorded social significance, we know little about how iconic linkages travel across time and space. This article highlights the processual nature of iconization and reveals recontextualization as an important mechanism for the transformation of indexical signs into icons. Focusing on a well‐known poem that purportedly encapsulates the defects of the simplified Chinese script used in mainland China, this study shows how its recontextualization in Hong Kong's print and social media between 2000 and 2015 helped construct simplified Chinese as defective and map its “defects” onto mainlanders.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2015b,

title = {How Does Oppression Work?},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-11-30},

journal = {Language, Sexuality, and Power: Studies in Intersectional Sociolinguistics},

volume = {19},

abstract = {Intersectionality theory has attracted increasing attention from sociolinguists in recent years (see, eg, Mallinson 2006; Morgan 2007; Lanehart 2009; Levon 2011). For those familiar with the study of language variation and change, the word intersectionality immediately brings to mind the interaction of social variables like gender, ethnicity, and social class. As a theory, however, intersectionality is not just about the interaction of social variables. It grew out of black feminists’ attempts to expose the limitations of gender as a single analytical category (hooks 1981; Davis 1983). The term intersectionality, coined by legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989, 1991), was originally used to critique the tendency to treat race and gender as mutually exclusive categories, which was commonplace in academic research, antiracist politics, and the feminist movement. Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (2000), another major figure in this area, provides a succinct explanation in her book Black Feminist Thought:},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2015bb,

title = {How Does Oppression Work?},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-11-30},

journal = {Language, Sexuality, and Power: Studies in Intersectional Sociolinguistics},

volume = {19},

abstract = {Intersectionality theory has attracted increasing attention from sociolinguists in recent years (see, eg, Mallinson 2006; Morgan 2007; Lanehart 2009; Levon 2011). For those familiar with the study of language variation and change, the word intersectionality immediately brings to mind the interaction of social variables like gender, ethnicity, and social class. As a theory, however, intersectionality is not just about the interaction of social variables. It grew out of black feminists’ attempts to expose the limitations of gender as a single analytical category (hooks 1981; Davis 1983). The term intersectionality, coined by legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989, 1991), was originally used to critique the tendency to treat race and gender as mutually exclusive categories, which was commonplace in academic research, antiracist politics, and the feminist movement. Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (2000), another major figure in this area, provides a succinct explanation in her book Black Feminist Thought.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2015,

title = {Tongzhi},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality},

abstract = {In the last two decades, tongzhi (often glossed as “comrade”) has emerged as the most well‐known Chinese label for lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender (LGBT) people. A general address term in Communist China, it was appropriated by LGBT activists in Hong Kong in the late 1980s to refer to members of sexual minorities. For many Chinese LGBT activists, it has the advantage of highlighting the cultural distinctiveness of Chinese same‐sex relationships. Nevertheless, the label has not been universally accepted by LGBT Chinese or those in the wider community. Though its future remains to be seen, tongzhi has no doubt helped Chinese LGBT activists raise awareness about issues concerning sexual minorities, and offered linguists a rare opportunity for examining the social embedding of semantic variation and change.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2015bb,

title = {A Quest for Linguistic Authenticity: Cantonese and Putonghua in Postcolonial Hong Kong},

author = {Andrew Wong},

doi = {10.20354/B4414110022},

issn = {2377-1666},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society},

volume = {41},

number = {41},

abstract = {Authenticity has attracted increasing attention from sociolinguists and linguistic anthropologists (see, eg, Lacoste et al. 2014, Wilce and Fenigsen 2015). The word authentic brings to mind something that is real, natural, and original. In sociolinguistics, the authentic (eg,“authentic speaker,”“authentic language”) has traditionally been viewed as an object to be discovered. Mary Bucholtz and Kira Hall have challenged this view in a series of articles (Bucholtz 2003, Bucholtz and Hall 2005). First, they argue that we should turn our attention from authenticity to authentication. This requires us to analyze authenticity as an outcome of linguistic practices and take a close look at the semiotic processes through which authenticity is produced. Second, since identity is a relational phenomenon, we ought to study authentication in tandem with denaturalization, which calls attention to the ways in which claims to the “inherent rightness of identities”(Bucholtz and Hall 2005: 602) are subverted. Researchers (eg, Jaffe 2009, Shenk 2007) have taken heed of these insights and used discourse data to examine the use of linguistic resources to assert or challenge claims to authenticity in social interaction. This case study takes a different approach: it analyzes metadiscursive data from print and social media to illuminate the popular use of linguistics in the authentication and denaturalization of identity. In the last few years, many Hongkongers have clamored for the protection of Cantonese against the encroachment of Putonghua. Cantonese is the mother tongue of over 90% of the city’s population (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department 2013). },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2014,

title = {Branding and Linguistic Anthropology: Brand Names, Indexical Fields, and Sound Symbolism},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Practicing Anthropology},

volume = {36},

number = {1},

pages = {38-41},

abstract = {While the last few decades have witnessed a growing interest in the value of sociocultural anthropol ogy to marketing and advertising (eg, Sherry 1995; Sunderland and Denny 2007), linguistic anthropology has re ceived significantly less attention from marketing theorists and practitioners. One notable exception is linguistic and linguistic-anthropological research on sound symbolism (eg, Nuckolls 1999). Sound symbolism is the idea that speech sounds (ie, vowels and consonants) by themselves convey meanings. For in stance, the high front vowel [i] has been found to suggest small size to speak ers of different languages around the world. Marketers have taken notice of ideas like this and used them to develop brand names that highlight brand-and product-related information. In recent years, linguistic anthropolo gists and sociolinguists have further explored the symbolic properties of speech sounds. },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2014b,

title = {Branding and Linguistic Anthropology: Brand Names, Indexical Fields, and Sound Symbolism},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Practicing Anthropology},

volume = {36},

number = {1},

pages = {38-41},

abstract = {While the last few decades have witnessed a growing interest in the value of sociocultural anthropol ogy to marketing and advertising (eg, Sherry 1995; Sunderland and Denny 2007), linguistic anthropology has re ceived significantly less attention from marketing theorists and practitioners. One notable exception is linguistic and linguistic-anthropological research on sound symbolism (eg, Nuckolls 1999). Sound symbolism is the idea that speech sounds (ie, vowels and consonants) by themselves convey meanings. For in stance, the high front vowel [i] has been found to suggest small size to speak ers of different languages around the world. Marketers have taken notice of ideas like this and used them to develop brand names that highlight brand-and product-related information. In recent years, linguistic anthropolo gists and sociolinguists have further explored the symbolic properties of speech sounds. },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2013b,

title = {Media, Politics, and Semantic Change},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-05-29},

journal = {Data Collection in Sociolinguistics: Methods and Applications},

pages = {314},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2013,

title = {Brand names and unconventional spelling: A two-pronged analysis of the orthographic construction of brand identity},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Written Language & Literacy},

volume = {16},

number = {2},

pages = {115-145},

abstract = {This article explores the creative use of unconventional spelling in brand names. Using insights from the indexical approach to the linguistic construction of identity, it demonstrates how unconventional spelling produces a myriad of effects and meanings, which in turn help construct brand identities. First, it identifies the various strategies of unconventional spelling, investigates their potential to convey distinctiveness, and examines other effects and meanings that they produce. It then presents a case study to further illustrate how unconventional spelling works with other marketing materials to create a unique brand identity. Unconventional spelling, because of its polarizing nature, can be a risky resource for constructing brand identities. Not only does this study contribute to an under-researched area in the sociolinguistics of orthography.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2012,

title = {Teaching consumer-oriented ethnographIc research},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-04-01},

journal = {Marketing Education Review},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {15-20},

abstract = {Despite an increasing demand for marketing researchers familiar with ethnographic methods, ethnographic consumer research has received little coverage in current marketing curricula. The innovation discussed in the present paper addresses this problem: it introduces the notion of "cultural relativism" and gives students hands-on experience in conducting cultural analysis of consumer products using ethnographic interview data. The instructional innovation consists of a 75-minute class session and a group project made up of three interim assignments. Assessment results from a marketing research class show that students understood the value of ethnographic consumer research and gained useful experience in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting ethnographic data.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2010,

title = {My foray into the other side: Preparing students for corporate careers},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-03-22},

journal = {Practicing Anthropology},

volume = {32},

number = {2},

pages = {31-35},

abstract = {The pervasive mistrust of" hard core" academics toward their col leagues in applied fields and in industry is no secret. In some academic circles, the word Applied is synonymous with not serious. Academic elitists dismiss their practicing colleagues as light weights who engage in applied re search because they failed to make it in academia. The feeling is often mutual. One of the greatest insults in industry is to describe someone's work as" too aca demic."(In fact, one of the definitions of academic in Webster's dictionary is" having no practical or useful signifi cance.") The mistrust between academia and industry is unfortunate because both sides have much to learn from each other. It is also counterproductive to our goal as educators to prepare our students for their future careers. We academics ignore what our practicing colleagues do at our students' perils.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2009,

title = {Coming-out stories and the 'gay imaginary'},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-06-19},

journal = {Sociolinguistic Studies},

volume = {3},

number = {1},

pages = {1-36},

abstract = {Although research has shown that those struggling with their same-sex desire often rely on print materials to help them understand their sexuality, the language use in these resources has rarely been studied. Exploring the relationship among genre, social change and socialization, this article examines coming-out narratives published in print and electronic media. It argues that these narratives are more like public testimonies than personal stories. Through metanarration, the COMING OUT AS A JOURNEY metaphor and the grammatical structuring of events, writers recount their own experiences to illustrate messages regarding the processual nature of coming out, the transformation of the self through coming out, and the transformation of relationships with others through coming out.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2009b,

title = {Coming-out stories and the 'gay imaginary'},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-06-19},

journal = {Sociolinguistic Studies},

volume = {3},

number = {1},

pages = {1-36},

abstract = {Although research has shown that those struggling with their same-sex desire often rely on print materials to help them understand their sexuality, the language use in these resources has rarely been studied. Exploring the relationship among genre, social change and socialization, this article examines coming-out narratives published in print and electronic media. It argues that these narratives are more like public testimonies than personal stories. Through metanarration, the COMING OUT AS A JOURNEY metaphor and the grammatical structuring of events, writers recount their own experiences to illustrate messages regarding the processual nature of coming out, the transformation of the self through coming out, and the transformation of relationships with others through coming out.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2009b,

title = {Coming-out stories and the 'gay imaginary'},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-06-19},

journal = {Sociolinguistic Studies},

volume = {3},

number = {1},

pages = {1-36},

abstract = {Although research has shown that those struggling with their same-sex desire often rely on print materials to help them understand their sexuality, the language use in these resources has rarely been studied. Exploring the relationship among genre, social change and socialization, this article examines coming-out narratives published in print and electronic media. It argues that these narratives are more like public testimonies than personal stories. Through metanarration, the COMING OUT AS A JOURNEY metaphor and the grammatical structuring of events, writers recount their own experiences to illustrate messages regarding the processual nature of coming out, the transformation of the self through coming out, and the transformation of relationships with others through coming out.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2009b,

title = {Coming-out stories and the 'gay imaginary'},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-06-19},

journal = {Sociolinguistic Studies},

volume = {3},

number = {1},

pages = {1-36},

abstract = {Although research has shown that those struggling with their same-sex desire often rely on print materials to help them understand their sexuality, the language use in these resources has rarely been studied. Exploring the relationship among genre, social change and socialization, this article examines coming-out narratives published in print and electronic media. It argues that these narratives are more like public testimonies than personal stories. Through metanarration, the COMING OUT AS A JOURNEY metaphor and the grammatical structuring of events, writers recount their own experiences to illustrate messages regarding the processual nature of coming out, the transformation of the self through coming out, and the transformation of relationships with others through coming out.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2009b,

title = {Coming-out stories and the 'gay imaginary'},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-06-19},

journal = {Sociolinguistic Studies},

volume = {3},

number = {1},

pages = {1-36},

abstract = {Although research has shown that those struggling with their same-sex desire often rely on print materials to help them understand their sexuality, the language use in these resources has rarely been studied. Exploring the relationship among genre, social change and socialization, this article examines coming-out narratives published in print and electronic media. It argues that these narratives are more like public testimonies than personal stories. Through metanarration, the COMING OUT AS A JOURNEY metaphor and the grammatical structuring of events, writers recount their own experiences to illustrate messages regarding the processual nature of coming out, the transformation of the self through coming out, and the transformation of relationships with others through coming out.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2008b,

title = {On the actuation of semantic change: The case of tongzhi},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-07-31},

journal = {Language Sciences},

volume = {30},

number = {4},

pages = {423-449},

abstract = {This article addresses a lacuna in research on the actuation of semantic change by shedding new light on speakers’ motivation. Focusing on the semantic change of tongzhi from ‘comrade’ to ‘sexual minorities’ in Hong Kong, it argues that the semantic change of social category labels is sometimes actuated by speakers’ desire to index different stances and to project different personae. Yet the speakers’ agency involved is both enabled and constrained by the discursive history of the term and larger socio-historical processes. This study also demonstrates the importance of uncovering speakers’ motivations through the use of different data collection methods.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2008,

title = {The trouble with tongzhi: The politics of labeling among gay and lesbian Hongkongers},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Pragmatics},

volume = {18},

number = {2},

pages = {277-301},

abstract = {A general address term in Communist China, tongzhi ‘comrade’ was appropriated by gay rights activists in Hong Kong to refer to members of sexual minorities. Examining its level of acceptance among non-activist gay and lesbian Hongkongers, this article argues that non-activists’ ideology about sexuality accounts for their rejection of tongzhi and their preference for strategies that leave same-sex desire unspecified. This study demonstrates how the discursive history of a label can both enable and impede its political efficacy. It also sheds light on the internal resistance that representatives of minority groups encounter when introducing new labels for those they supposedly speak for.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2007b,

title = {Fostering the growth of budding community initiatives: The role of linguists in Tokelauan maintenance in Hawai’i},

author = {Andrew Wong and Yuko Otsuka},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-12-17},

journal = {Language Documentation & Conservation},

volume = {1},

number = {2},

pages = {240-256},

abstract = {This paper discusses our involvement in the language revitalization project initiated by the Tokelauan community in Central O ‘ahu, Hawai ‘i. Nearly 1,000 people of Tokelauan descent live in Hawai ‘i. Several elders have observed that a language shift from Tokelauan (Polynesian) to English and/or Hawai ‘i Creole English is taking place in the community. Our involvement in the project illustrates several fundamental issues about language revitalization:(1) the need for collaboration not only between linguists and community members, but also among linguists with different areas of expertise,(2) the significance of balancing the needs of the community with those of researchers,(3) the importance of publicizing our research, and (4) the question of who is responsible for protecting the language right of immigrant populations.

1. InTRoduCTIon1. This paper discusses our involvement in the language revitalization project initiated by the Tokelauan community in Central O ‘ahu, Hawai ‘i. We first provide some background information about the Tokelauan (Polynesian) language, the community, and its efforts toward language maintenance. We then describe how we became involved in the project, what we tried to achieve, and what we plan to accomplish in the future. Finally, we discuss several valuable lessons we learned through our involvement in the project regarding language maintenance in immigrant communities.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2007bb,

title = {Fostering the growth of budding community initiatives: The role of linguists in Tokelauan maintenance in Hawai’i},

author = {Andrew Wong and Yuko Otsuka},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-12-17},

journal = {Language Documentation & Conservation},

volume = {1},

number = {2},

pages = {240-256},

abstract = {This paper discusses our involvement in the language revitalization project initiated by the Tokelauan community in Central O ‘ahu, Hawai ‘i. Nearly 1,000 people of Tokelauan descent live in Hawai ‘i. Several elders have observed that a language shift from Tokelauan (Polynesian) to English and/or Hawai ‘i Creole English is taking place in the community. Our involvement in the project illustrates several fundamental issues about language revitalization:(1) the need for collaboration not only between linguists and community members, but also among linguists with different areas of expertise,(2) the significance of balancing the needs of the community with those of researchers,(3) the importance of publicizing our research, and (4) the question of who is responsible for protecting the language right of immigrant populations.

1. InTRoduCTIon1. This paper discusses our involvement in the language revitalization project initiated by the Tokelauan community in Central O ‘ahu, Hawai ‘i. We first provide some background information about the Tokelauan (Polynesian) language, the community, and its efforts toward language maintenance. We then describe how we became involved in the project, what we tried to achieve, and what we plan to accomplish in the future. Finally, we discuss several valuable lessons we learned through our involvement in the project regarding language maintenance in immigrant communities.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2007,

title = {Prosodic analysis of the interactional particle ne in Japanese gendered speech},

author = {Andrew Wong and Victoria Anderson and Mie Hiramoto},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Japanese/Korean Linguistics},

number = {15},

pages = {43-54},

abstract = {Gendered speech in contemporary standard Japanese has been wellresearched (eg, Ide 1982; Okamoto 1995a; McGloin 1990; Reynolds 1985; Shibamoto 1985). Studies of Japanese gendered speech reveal that women and men differ in their use of interactional particles, pronouns, lexical items, and discourse styles. However, the literature is sparser on the subject of the prosodic characteristics that differentiate masculine and feminine speech in Japanese, and the prosodic studies that exist mainly concern themselves with fundamental frequency (F0) rather than duration. Ohara (1992; 2001), Loveday (1986) and others have investigated women’s use of high F0 and its social meanings. High F0 is generally associated with the expression of politeness, cuteness, and other positive feminine images (Loveday 1982, 1986; Ohara 1993, in press). Ide and Yoshida (1999), McGloin (1990), and Reynolds (1985) have also associated rising intonation and wide pitch range with feminine speech. On the other hand, little research has focused on possible differences in duration patterns in masculine and feminine speech.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2005,

title = {The reappropriation of tongzhi},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-11-01},

journal = {Language in society},

pages = {763-793},

abstract = {A general address term in Communist China, the Chinese word tongzhi 'comrade' was appropriated by gay rights activists in Hong Kong to refer to members of sexual minorities. It has positive connotations of respect, equality, and resistance. This article focuses on the reappropriation of this word by a mainstream newspaper in Hong Kong. The parodic use of tongzhi allows journalists to ridicule gay rights activists so as to increase the entertainment value of news stories. At the same time, it mocks activists' demand for equality and may lead to the pejoration of the term. This study provides synchronic evidence for sociolinguistic accounts that explain how lexical items may undergo pejoration because of the context of their use.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2005b,

title = {The reappropriation of tongzhi},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-11-01},

journal = {Language in society},

pages = {763-793},

abstract = {A general address term in Communist China, the Chinese word tongzhi 'comrade' was appropriated by gay rights activists in Hong Kong to refer to members of sexual minorities. It has positive connotations of respect, equality, and resistance. This article focuses on the reappropriation of this word by a mainstream newspaper in Hong Kong. The parodic use of tongzhi allows journalists to ridicule gay rights activists so as to increase the entertainment value of news stories. At the same time, it mocks activists' demand for equality and may lead to the pejoration of the term. This study provides synchronic evidence for sociolinguistic accounts that explain how lexical items may undergo pejoration because of the context of their use. It shows that because the meaning potential of a word is not bounded by the intentions of its users, words that marginalized groups have appropriated can be resignified yet again in hateful.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2005bb,

title = {New directions in the study of language and sexuality},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-05-01},

journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics},

volume = {9},

number = {2},

pages = {254-266},

abstract = {Before reading Deborah Cameron and Don Kulick’s Language and Sexuality, few would probably know that the beginning of the study of homosexual language could be traced back to the 1920s. In the pre-Stonewall era, research on this topic was mostly concerned with the documentation of homosexual argot. Not until the publication of William Leap’s (1996) seminal work on gay language did research in this area begin to gain recognition in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. No longer limited to the study of gay slang, research on gay language has become fashionable, if not respectable. Since the 1990s, articles on language and sexuality have appeared in well-established journals, and several edited volumes on this topic have been published (eg Livia and Hall 1997, Campbell-Kibler, Podesva, Roberts and Wong 2002). Nevertheless, the study of language and sexuality.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2005bb,

title = {Another Look at ‘Japanese Women's Language’: A Prosodic Analysis},

author = {Andrew Wong and Mie Hiramoto},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings from the Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society},

volume = {41},

number = {1},

pages = {111-123},

abstract = {This study examines the view that Japanese women's language is not the sole property of Japanese women; rather, it is an ideological construct that is associated with various linguistic resources with gendered meanings. These linguistic resources are available to anyone - i.e., both men and women - for the construction of different personae. Thus, the interesting question is not whether Japanese women use a wider pitch range or rising intonation on interactional particles; rather, it is how Japanese men and women use linguistic resources that are linked to masculinity and femininity to construct different styles. Taking this claim as its point of departure, this paper focuses on the production and perception of gender stereotypes in Japanese. Our research questions are as follows: (1) To what extent do Japanese speakers draw on stereotypical features of men's speech.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2004,

title = {Language, cultural authenticity, and the Tongzhi movement},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-04-16},

journal = {Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual symposium about Language and Society–Austin},

abstract = {Cultural authenticity has been a major concern for those involved in sexuality-based social movements in postcolonial societies (Boellstorff, 1999; Boellstorff and Leap 2004). The word ‘authentic’implies genuineness, credibility, legitimacy, and worthiness of acceptance. In some Asian societies, many believe that same-sex desire is anything but authentic. Even nowadays, same-sex desire is sometimes viewed in Hong Kong as an undesirable product of colonialism. Some consider gay Hongkongers traitors to their own race who have succumbed to Western influences (Chou, 2000, p. 65). How then do gay rights activists in Hong Kong–often known as tongzhi (‘comrade’) activists–build a social movement on something that is regarded as false, illegitimate, and most important of all,‘un-Chinese’or even ‘anti-Chinese’? This paper is an attempt to answer this question.

To show that same-sex desire is authentically Chinese, tongzhi activists appeal to tradition that is presumably shared by Chinese people all over the world. However, tradition is not a static body of beliefs and practices that is handed down from one generation to another. Rather, it is an on-going interpretation of the past that reflects contemporary concerns. As Jocelyn Linnekin (1983) argues,“the selection of what constitutes tradition is always made in the present; the content of the past is modified and redefined according to a modern significance”(p. 241). Only certain elements of the past are chosen in the invention of tradition. These selected elements are then placed in contexts that are different from their prior settings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2002b,

title = {Pragmatic directions about language use: Offers of words and relations},

author = {Andrew Wong and Eve V. Clark},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-04-01},

journal = {Language in Society},

volume = {31},

number = {02},

pages = {181-212},

abstract = {Adult speakers constantly offer young children new terms, conventional words for the events and objects being talked about. They make direct offers of unfamiliar words, using deictics or other forms that signal that the upcoming term is new, and they make indirect offers on the assumption that the relevant meaning is computable on that occasion. Adults also present young children with information about how words are related to each other through such connections as is a part of, is a kind of, belongs to, or is used for. These pragmatic directions provide children with essential information about language and language use as they make inferences about possible meanings for unfamiliar words. They also offer support for an alternative to constraints-based accounts of lexical acquisition by providing a conversation-based approach more consistent with the findings from spontaneous speech and from experimental results.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2002bb,

title = {The semantic derogation of tongzhi: A synchronic perspective},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Language and sexuality},

pages = {161-74},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2000,

title = {The linguistic construction of the tongzhi community},

author = {Andrew Wong and Qing Zhang},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-12-01},

journal = {Journal of Linguistic Anthropology},

volume = {10},

number = {2},

pages = {248-278},

abstract = {This article studies the use of linguistic resources to construct an "imagined community" in a Chinese gay and lesbian magazine. Four groups of linguistic resources are examined: terminology from gay and lesbian cultures in the West, the women's movement, Chinese revolutionist discourse, and the Chinese kinship system. We show that the producers of the magazine draw on resources from various discourses, but they do not adopt them in their entirety. These resources are reworked and combined to construct an imagined Chinese gay community with its own distinctive style. We argue that to understand how social meanings are expressed through style and how style makes one community distinct from another, it is essential to examine a broad range of symbolic resources that are appropriated and combined by individuals or groups. },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong1999,

title = {Beyond the masculine-feminine dichotomy: The linguistic co-construction of alternative masculinities},

author = {Andrew Wong},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-10-01},

volume = {28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}