@inbook{Lupke2020bb,

title = {Standardization in highly multilingual national contexts: The shifting interpretations, limited reach, and great symbolic power of ethnonationalist visions},

author = {Friederike Lupke},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-08-01},

pages = {139-169},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {Standard languages have high symbolic significance but little actual use in highly multilingual national contexts. This chapter explores the tension between the reification of fluid language use into codified languages and fluid and variable communicative practices in speech and writing in a number of African sociolinguistic settings. Starting with the observation that the notion of standard languages and of ethnolinguistic groups using them goes back to the colonial period, I proceed to investigate different visions of language as they emerge from the writing conventions and language visions of colonial anticolonial actors from this time, focusing on a case study on the West Afrian Manding cluster. I continue to explore attitudes to purity and standardisation in contemporary scripts and language policies and in written and spoken language use, also including so-called ‘mixed’ registers such as Urban Wolof and Sheng. I end the chapter by presenting innovative approaches on bypassing the standard (yet maintaining compatibility to it), focusing on the LILIEMA programme for inclusive education in a highly multilingual region of Senegal. Key words Standardisation; multilingual settings; Manding; Urban Wolof; Sheng; N’ko; LILIEMA; Africa; colonial language policies; fluid communicative practices.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2020b,

title = {LILIEMA: Language-independent literacies for inclusive education in multilingual areas},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Aimé Césaire Biagui and Landing Biai and Julienne Diatta and Alpha Naby Mané and Gérard Preira and Jérémi Fahed Sagna and Miriam Weidl},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-03-19},

publisher = {British Council},

abstract = {This chapter introduces the innovative educational programme LILIEMA, a repertoire-based and language-independent method for achieving and nurturing culturally anchored literacy in multilingual contexts. Unique in kind, LILIEMA is the first programme that introduces literacy not based on a particular language but by drawing on the entire repertoire of learners present in the classroom. The flexible and adaptive design principle underpinning the method is inspired by multilingual oral and written communicative practices that are widespread throughout West Africa. LILIEMA has been jointly created, piloted and further developed by us-a team of teachers, trainers, researchers and community members from the Global South and the Global North. We introduce the motivations for developing LILIEMA, present the syllabus and teaching materials of the method and describe its implementation in the Casamance region in southern Senegal, drawing on examples from LILIEMA classrooms. We end the chapter by making a case for its potential to contribute to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals in the domain of education in multilingual settings characterised by mobility and migration.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2018,

title = {Language endangerment and language documentation in Africa},

author = {Friederike Lupke},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

pages = {468-490},

publisher = {Cambridge University},

abstract = {Language endangerment and death is seen as a process that operates world-wide. The metaphors used to describe the situations of language change and shift1 captured under this umbrella term cast them as a human tragedy of the largest imaginable scale. Yet, when shifting our gaze to Africa, stories of resilience and adaptivity, of mobility, multilingualism and creativity, flank stories of disappearance and extinction. In this introduction I gauge how useful global perspectives on language endangerment and loss (henceforth LEL; see Mufwene forthcoming) are; whether they are really global; and what kind of mould they provide for describing locally anchored practices. A critique of universal scales and models and a quest for different perspectives on communicative practices on the African continent and for new ways to describe and document them is made in the remainder of the introduction, but runs through the chapter.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2018b,

title = {Multiple Choice: Language Use and Cultural Practice in Rural Casamance between Convergence and Divergence},

author = {Friederike Lupke},

editor = {Jaqueline Knörr and Wilson Trajano Filho},

doi = {10.1163/9789004363397_011},

isbn = {9789004363397},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

pages = {179-208},

publisher = {Berghahn},

abstract = {Scholars studying western Africa are challenged by conundrums involving relationships between languages, social groupings, and cultures. People in western Africa define themselves principally according to kinship and occupational affiliations and only secondarily in linguistic terms. Indeed individuals and families change their languages and modify their social and cultural patterns in ways that are often perplexing to outsiders. Individuals may change their family names to assert their affiliation with elite families (captives once adopted slavemaster names), to express client relationships, apprenticeships, or religious affiliations, and for other reasons.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2017bb,

title = {Escaping the tyranny of writing: West African regimes of writing as a model for multilingual literacy},

author = {Friederike Lupke},

editor = {Kasper Juffermans and Constanze Weth},

isbn = {978-1350123113},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

pages = {129–148},

publisher = {Bloomsbury},

abstract = {This chapter discusses the challenges faced by Chinese and South Asian Hongkongers to acquire, develop and maintain literacy in standard written Chinese (SWC). Language acquisition or learning is mediated by speech (DeFrancis 2002; Erbaugh 2002; Perfetti and Dunlap 2008). The relative ease of literacy acquisition, development and maintenance depends largely on how closely speech sounds are mapped onto more or less discrete graphic units of the target language. Being non-alphabetic and morphosyllabic, Chinese characters (hanzi, 漢字) are orthographically deep, difficult to learn and easy to forget. Since the lexis and grammar of SWC are essentially based on Mandarin, speakers of Chinese ‘dialects’ such as Cantonese do not have the benefit of ‘writing as one speaks’. Considerable effort is needed to master Mandarin-based words, which in Hong Kong (and Macau) Special Administrative Region are taught and learnt in Cantonese. Although colloquial written Cantonese elements are widespread in mass and social media, they are banned and excluded from school literacy. E-gadgets being so widespread and convenient today, Chinese characters are increasingly inputted electronically rather than composed by hand. That trend accentuates the challenge of remembering and retrieving Chinese characters. If Cantonese-L1 Hongkongers find it difficult to develop and maintain literacy in their ‘mother tongue’, one can Writing Chinese: A Challenge for easily imagine the linguistic predicament faced by South Asian Hongkongers who need to struggle with learning Cantonese in addition, and who see their life chances significantly.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2017bb,

title = {Carrefour des langues, carrefour des paradigmes},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Alexander Cobbinah and Abbie Hantgan and Rachel Watson},

editor = {Michelle Auzanneau and Michelle Auzanneau and Margaret Bento and Malory Leclère},

isbn = {9782813002198},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

pages = {79-97},

publisher = {Éditions des archives contemporaines},

abstract = {This article presents the sociolinguistic and linguistic aspects of a plurilingual situation in a rural context in Casamance (Senegal). Based on ongoing interdisciplinary research, we introduce the heritage languages ​​associated with the villages we study. We then develop the dualism between heritage language as an identity construct and fluid use in discourse and identify the motivations for this dual strategy and how it fits into local, regional and national linguistic ideologies. We end by exposing the consequences of this type of long-lasting plurilingualism on linguistic systems and the challenge it poses for a descriptive tradition based on the notion of a language and not on that of a dynamic repertoire.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2017bb,

title = {Supporting vital repertoires, not revitalizing languages},

author = {Friederike Lupke},

editor = {Leanne Hinton},

isbn = {9781138674493},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

pages = {475-485},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Taking stock of the African situation, this chapter argues against the revitalization of languages and advocates for supporting vital repertoires instead. After having summarized the roles of African languages and Africanists’ stances toward language endangerment and revitalization, I critically discuss the state-of-the-art of language revitalization, beginning with activities focusing on individual languages and concentrating on orthography development. I present research on multilingual ecologies and language-independent grass-roots literacies and on strengthening these long-standing Indigenous practices, rather than on replacing them with a limited number of standard languages. Finally, I introduce activities sustaining linguistic ecologies rather than focussing on language-based interventions.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2016b,

title = {Atlantic classification},

author = {Friederike Lupke},

editor = {Rainer Vossen},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Atlantic is one of the controversial branches of the Niger-Congo language family. Both its validity as a genetic group and its internal classification are far from being settled. The longstanding debate on the status and structure of Atlantic cannot be closed before the descriptive situation of these languages allows for sufficient and reliable lexical data; before attempts at applying the comparative method have been made; and before the extensive role of language contact for shaping the languages in question is taken into account. Although no typological feature or feature combinations characterizes the group as a whole, several features are considered typical for Atlantic languages, including noun class systems, consonant mutation, and complex systems of verbal derivation, which have been used to justify suggested genealogical groupings. Atlantic languages, with the exception of Fula, are attested in an area from Liberia to Senegal, stretching from the Atlantic coast to the hinterland.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2015b,

title = {Ideologies and typologies of language endangerment in Africa},

author = {Friederike Lupke},

editor = {James A Essegbey and Brent Henderson and Fiona Mc Laughlin},

doi = {10.1075/clu.17.03lup},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-10-15},

pages = {59–106},

publisher = {John Benjamins},

abstract = {This chapter aims at redressing the deplorable fact that African languages, their social life and vitality, are assessed according to ideas of Africa grounded in Western language ideologies and based and on language criteria developed based on American and Australian contexts of language endangerment. The chapter challenges the validity of these ideologies to account for language use in African setting and starts out by providing the necessary background on the history of description of African languages and on assumptions on their vitality as driven by colonial actors. It then paints a radically different picture of African languages by looking at them as codes in the multilingual repertoires of the language ecologies in which they are used and by describing the social factors that nurture the astonishing linguistic diversity on the continent. In order to do justice to the specificity of African language situations, where settlement colonies creating the conflictual polyglossic situations typical for America and Australia remain an exception, an alternative set of vitality parameters for African languages is proposed. The chapter closes with the observation that multilingual language use as a socially embedded practice in complex linguistic ecologies needs to become a focus of descriptive and documentary research on African languages.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2014,

title = {Beneath the surface - contemporary Ajami writing in West Africa exemplified through Wolofal},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Sokhna Bao-Diop},

editor = {Kasper Juffermans and Yonas Mesfun Asfaha and Ashraf Abdelhay},

isbn = {9781443858335},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-10-02},

pages = {86-114},

publisher = {Cambridge Scholars},

abstract = {Despite being (near to) invisible to educators, language planners and development activists, a pre-colonial literacy tradition continues to be practiced throughout those areas of Africa that are in the sphere of influence of Islam. This writing tradition uses Arabic-based scripts (also called Ajami) for the writing of African languages. The historical role of the most influential Ajami scripts–eg for Hausa, Fula, Swahili, and Wolof–is well-documented. Their contemporary weight is less well understood, partly because of their survival in informal and religious contexts only, and partly because of dominant ideologies of missionaries, language planners and official bodies that insist on literacy in Roman scripts (see Pasch 2008 for a good overview). In this chapter, we provide an overview of the main Ajami scripts used in present-day West Africa and what functions they assume. Examples from our own fieldwork in Guinea, Cameroon and Senegal illustrate how Ajami writing becomes visible as soon as a Eurocentric perspective on reading and writing is abandoned. A case study on Wolofal (the name for the Ajami tradition for the de facto national language of Senegal, Wolof) focuses on its importance for the linguistic landscape of Senegal, especially in the religious and commercial city of Touba. In contrast to the Ajami writing of Pulaar, which is in decline in Senegal, Wolofal continues to thrive.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2014b,

title = {When number meets classification. The linguistic expression of number in Baïnounk languages},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Alexander Cobbinah},

editor = {Gerrit Dimmendaal and Anne Storch},

doi = {10.1075/slcs.151.08cob},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-03-19},

pages = {199-220},

publisher = {John Benjamins},

abstract = {This paper presents an account of number marking in two Baïnounk languages, Gubëeher and Gujaher, also taking data from the Baïnounk language Guñaamolo into account. Number distinctions in these languages are coded epiphenominally through the paradigmatic relationships and combinatorial semantics of prefixes and roots within the nominal classification system. In addition, number can be marked through a dedicated plural suffix of the form-Vŋ. In line with observations made for Bantu and other Atlantic languages, we analyse number marking within the noun class system (and, to some extent also through the number suffix) as derivational, not inflectional. Additionally, we demonstrate that number values do not reside in noun class prefixes themselves, but arise through the paradigmatic relationships holding between prefix and root and between prefix-root combinations in a paradigm. This account goes against a widespread analytical template of assigning singular and plural values to prefixes and assuming number correspondences between them.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2013bb,

title = {Language dynamics},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Anne Storch},

doi = {10.1515/9781614511946.267},

isbn = {978-1-61451-251-6},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-05-28},

pages = {267-344},

publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},

abstract = {The African continent is one of the world’s hotspots of linguistic diversity. Even the seemingly most uniform language group spoken on the continent, Bantu, is now no longer seen as having spread in a simple way anymore (Blench forthcoming; Good 2010; Mufwene 2001)–diversity appears as soon as anybody can be bothered to look. Little is known about the true extent of this diversity, neither at the level of linguistic structure and its change, nor of sociolinguistic configurations and self-representations, and even less about the connections and feedback between structure and conditions of language use, for instance in language contact resulting from widespread, long-term and different situations of multilingualism. This observation holds for the overwhelming majority of African linguistic settings. A lack of linguistic resources is one reason for this distressing state.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2013,

title = {Not languages: repertoires as lived and living experience},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Anne Storch},

doi = {10.1515/9781614511946.345},

isbn = {978-1-61451-251-6},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-05-17},

volume = {5},

pages = {345-359},

publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},

abstract = {Languages, in this book, are people and their towns and villages, their life stories and experiences as in chapter 1, their social relationships, rituals and masks (chapter 2), ideas and symbols (chapter 3), their tales, memories, monuments, libraries and pictures (chapter 4), and their mobilities, constant journeys, searches, and unhealed antagonisms (chapter 5). To us, language is substantial in the actual sense of the word, and tangible, but at the same time fluid and flexible, and constantly changing its shades of colour such that it seems to be abstract and immaterial, so that the only way to describe and possess it seems to be to number, write and store it. We have therefore dwelt much upon the production of knowledge on languages and repertoires, so as to make transparent exactly what such descriptions and documentations are and what they aren’t. },

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2013b,

title = {Language and knowledge},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Anne Storch},

doi = {10.1515/9781614511946.181},

isbn = {978-1-61451-251-6},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-05-17},

pages = {181-266},

publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},

abstract = {The fact of the matter is that, until now, Western interpreters as well as African analysts have been using categories and conceptual systems which depend on a Western epistemological order. Even in the most explicitly ‘Afrocentric’descriptions, models of analysis explicitly or implicitly, knowingly or unknowingly, refer to the same order. Does this mean that African Weltanschauungen and African traditional systems of thought are unthinkable and cannot be made explicit within the framework of their own rationality? My own claim is that thus far the ways in which they have been evaluated and the means used to explain them relate to theories and methods whose constraints, rules, and systems of operation suppose a non-African epistemological focus.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2013bb,

title = {Repertoires and Choices in African Languages},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Anne Storch},

doi = {10.1515/9781614511946},

isbn = {9781614511946},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-17},

publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},

abstract = {Most African languages are spoken by communities as one of several languages present on a daily basis. The persistence of multilingualism and the linguistic creativity manifest in the playful use of different languages are striking, especially against the backdrop of language death and expanding monolingualism elsewhere in the world. The effortless mastery of several languages is disturbing, however, for those who take essentialist perspectives that see it as a problem rather than a resource, and for the dominating, conflictual, sociolinguistic model of multilingualism. This volume investigates African minority languages in the context of changing patterns of multilingualism, and also assesses the status of African languages in terms of existing influential vitality scales. An important aspect of multilingual praxis is the speakers' agency in making choices, their repertoires of registers and the multiplicity of language ideology associated with different ways of speaking. The volume represents a new and original contribution to the ethnography of speaking of multilingual practices and the cultural ideas associated with them.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2012,

title = {North and West African Languages},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Philip J. Jaggar},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

pages = {60-85},

publisher = {Thames & Hudson},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2012b,

title = {Not cut to fit - zero-coded passives in African languages},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Alexander Cobbinah},

editor = {Matthias Brenzinger and Anna-Maria Fehn},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

pages = {153-164},

publisher = {Rüdiger Köppe},

abstract = {In recent years, a growing number of linguists have reported constructions that fulfil all or most criteria for being called a passive but one: morphological or periphrastic marking in the verb phrase. In the constructions in question, passive semantics is conveyed through argument remapping, sometimes without the possibility for an oblique Actor by-phrase. The intransitive use of a transitive verb triggers a reversal of voice orientation: of the two participants of the active transitive verb, the Undergoer is linked to the one and only argument position, the subject. The Actor is either demoted to an oblique participant or not encoded at all, depending on the language.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2011,

title = {Orthography development},

author = {Friederike Lupke},

editor = {Peter K Austin and Julia Sallabank},

isbn = {9780521882156},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

pages = {312-336},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {Vernacular literacy involves much more than merely devising the optimal orthography for a given language as many linguists would have us believe.(Mühlhäusler 1990: 205)

Many endangered languages are not written; therefore, researchers and speech communities often wish for their GRAPHIZATION (Fishman 1974). The existence of a written code is seen as an essential prerequisite for many activities in favour of their maintenance and revitalization, such as dictionary writing (see Mosel, Chapter 17), curriculum development and the design of language-teaching courses (see Coronel-Molina and McCarty, Chapter 18).},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2008,

title = {Participant marking in Jalonke},

author = {Friederike Lupke},

editor = {Gerrit Dimmendaal},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

pages = {173-214},

publisher = {John Benjamins},

abstract = {This paper introduces participant coding in Jalonke, a Central Mande language of Guinea. The paper gives an appraisal of noun/verb distinction in the language and establishes verbs as heads of verb phrases. It sets out to identify the syntactic status and thematic roles of the participants of Jalonke verbs. The paper further investigates argument structure classes of the language; that is, classes of verbs that can be distinguished based on the number and status of their participants. It is shown that Jalonke has intransitive, transitive, causative/inchoative alternating and reflexive-only verbs, and that the motivation for three of these classes lies in an interaction of the parameters of causation type, likelihood of the denoted event to be construed as uncaused vs. externally caused and the inclination of the language towards fundamental transitivity vs. fundamental intransitivity. The fourth class of reflexive-only verbs is determined through a positive specification for control. The main result of a quantitative study on argument realization in discourse are discussed in order to demonstrate that in contrast to other languages and approaches, argument structure in Jalonke can be taken to be lexically specified.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2006,

title = {Guinea - language situation},

author = {Friederike Lupke},

doi = {10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01637-0},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-12-31},

journal = {Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics},

pages = {170-171},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Friederike Lüpke studied African linguistics, general linguistics, and phonetics at the University of Köln (Germany) and Manding (Bambara) at the Institut National des Langues et Civilsations Orientales in Paris (France). In 1999, she received her M.A. in African Linguistics with first honors from the University of Köln. She was then offered a Ph.D. scholarship at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen (The Netherlands). Her Ph.D. thesis, entitled ‘A grammar of Jalonke argument structure,’ contains the first descriptive account of the Guinean Jalonke variety of Yalunka and is based on a year of field work in Guinea. In September 2003, she became a Research Fellow in the Endangered Languages Academic Programme of the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project (ELAP) at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London (UK). Currently, she is working as a Lecturer in Language Documentation and Description in ELAP.},

type = {inbook},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{Lupke2001,

title = {Caused positions},

author = {Friederike Lupke and Birgit Hellwig},

editor = {Stephen C Levinson and Nick Enfield},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

pages = {126-128},

publisher = {Max Planck Institut für Psycholinguistik, Language and Cognition Group},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}