Ghil‘ad Zuckermann
2021
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Revivalistics is Not Documentary Linguistics Journal Article
In: Sustainable Multilingualism, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-13 , 2021.
@article{Zuckermann2021,
title = {Revivalistics is Not Documentary Linguistics},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.2478/sm-2021-0001},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-05-01},
journal = {Sustainable Multilingualism},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {1-13 },
abstract = {This article introduces a new field of enquiry called revivalistics, and explores its trans-disciplinarity and various ethical, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits. Revivalistics is an emerging global, trans-disciplinary field of enquiry studying comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (Zuckermann, 2003; 2009; 2020), and particularistic peculiarities and cultural relativist idiosyncrasies on the other, apparent in linguistic reclamation, revitalization and reinvigoration across various sociological backgrounds, all over the globe (Zuckermann, 2020; Zuckermann & Walsh, 2011; 2014). The article focuses on the crucial differences between revivalistics and documentary linguistics. It provides examples from the field that demonstrate the complexity of the revivalist’s work and how the revivalist’s work is distinct from that of the documentary linguist. Too many documentary linguists mislead themselves to believe that they can easily be revivalists too. But there are two crucial differences between revivalistics and documentary linguistics, which are at war between themselves: (1) Whereas documentary linguists put the language at the centre, revivalists put the language custodians at the centre. (2) Whereas in documentary linguistics the Indigenous/minority people have the knowledge of the language, in revivalistics the revivalist is the one with that knowledge. Given that the Aboriginal/minority people are the language custodians, and given that the language custodians are at the centre of the revivalistic enterprise, the revivalist must be extremely sensitive. A revivalist is not only a linguist but also a psychologist, social worker, teacher, driver, schlepper, financial manager, cook, waiter, babysitter, donor etc. A revivalist must have a heart of gold, “balls” of steel and the patience of a saint. Language revival is similar to co-parenting. But the revivalist is only a step-father. The important biological mother is the Indigenous/minority community. If you are the step-father and your spouse, who is the biological mother, makes what you perceive to be a mediocre decision with regard to your children, you cannot just disapprove of it. After all, the children are your spouse’s more than they are yours. You must work together for the best possible outcome. Similarly, if the community supports a decision that is not linguistically viable, the revivalist can try to inspire the community members, but must accept their own verdict. That would be difficult for a documentary linguist with poor social skills.},
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This article introduces a new field of enquiry called revivalistics, and explores its trans-disciplinarity and various ethical, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits. Revivalistics is an emerging global, trans-disciplinary field of enquiry studying comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (Zuckermann, 2003; 2009; 2020), and particularistic peculiarities and cultural relativist idiosyncrasies on the other, apparent in linguistic reclamation, revitalization and reinvigoration across various sociological backgrounds, all over the globe (Zuckermann, 2020; Zuckermann & Walsh, 2011; 2014). The article focuses on the crucial differences between revivalistics and documentary linguistics. It provides examples from the field that demonstrate the complexity of the revivalist’s work and how the revivalist’s work is distinct from that of the documentary linguist. Too many documentary linguists mislead themselves to believe that they can easily be revivalists too. But there are two crucial differences between revivalistics and documentary linguistics, which are at war between themselves: (1) Whereas documentary linguists put the language at the centre, revivalists put the language custodians at the centre. (2) Whereas in documentary linguistics the Indigenous/minority people have the knowledge of the language, in revivalistics the revivalist is the one with that knowledge. Given that the Aboriginal/minority people are the language custodians, and given that the language custodians are at the centre of the revivalistic enterprise, the revivalist must be extremely sensitive. A revivalist is not only a linguist but also a psychologist, social worker, teacher, driver, schlepper, financial manager, cook, waiter, babysitter, donor etc. A revivalist must have a heart of gold, “balls” of steel and the patience of a saint. Language revival is similar to co-parenting. But the revivalist is only a step-father. The important biological mother is the Indigenous/minority community. If you are the step-father and your spouse, who is the biological mother, makes what you perceive to be a mediocre decision with regard to your children, you cannot just disapprove of it. After all, the children are your spouse’s more than they are yours. You must work together for the best possible outcome. Similarly, if the community supports a decision that is not linguistically viable, the revivalist can try to inspire the community members, but must accept their own verdict. That would be difficult for a documentary linguist with poor social skills.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Vigfússon, Sigurður; Rayner, Manny; Chiaráin, Neasa Ní; Ivanova, Nedelina; Habibi, Hanieh; Bédi, Branislav
LARA in the Service of Revivalistics and Documentary Linguistics: Community Engagement and Endangered Languages Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Methods for Endangered Languages, vol. 1, pp. 13-23, 2021.
@article{Zuckermann2021b,
title = {LARA in the Service of Revivalistics and Documentary Linguistics: Community Engagement and Endangered Languages},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Sigurður Vigfússon and Manny Rayner and Neasa Ní Chiaráin and Nedelina Ivanova and Hanieh Habibi and Branislav Bédi},
doi = {10.33011/computel.v1i.953},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Methods for Endangered Languages},
volume = {1},
pages = {13-23},
abstract = {We argue that LARA, a new web platform that supports easy conversion of text into an online multimedia form designed to support non-native readers, is a good match to the task of creating high-quality resources useful for languages in the revivalistics spectrum. We illustrate with initial case studies in three widely different endangered/revival languages: Irish (Gaelic); Icelandic Sign Language (ÍTM); and Barngarla, a reclaimed Australian Aboriginal language. The exposition is presented from a language community perspective. Links are given to examples of LARA resources constructed for each language.},
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We argue that LARA, a new web platform that supports easy conversion of text into an online multimedia form designed to support non-native readers, is a good match to the task of creating high-quality resources useful for languages in the revivalistics spectrum. We illustrate with initial case studies in three widely different endangered/revival languages: Irish (Gaelic); Icelandic Sign Language (ÍTM); and Barngarla, a reclaimed Australian Aboriginal language. The exposition is presented from a language community perspective. Links are given to examples of LARA resources constructed for each language.
2020
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Hou, Weimin
IEEE, 2020.
@conference{Zuckermann2020,
title = {Australian Aboriginal Sports Health Monitoring System based on Wearable Device and Data Center Technology},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Weimin Hou},
doi = {10.1109/ICOSEC49089.2020.9215265},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-09-01},
pages = {305 - 308},
publisher = {IEEE},
abstract = {Australian Aboriginal sports health monitoiing system based on a wearable device and data center technology is designed and implemented in this paper. In our designed system, the following inspirations are considered. (1) The postequalization method does not require additional operations on the transmitter side and can optimize the tap weights of the digital post filter according to the severity of the system bandwidth limitation. This framework is used as the core of the data center. (2) Clothing is a must-have item for people’s daily life, and it is naturally soft and deformable. Therefore, combining clothing with smart wearable devices becomes a natural choice, and smart clothing comes into being. This media is used to construct the designed framework. Lastly, the proposed model is applied to the Australian Aboriginal sports health monitoiing system. The experiment results prove satisfactory performance.},
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Australian Aboriginal sports health monitoiing system based on a wearable device and data center technology is designed and implemented in this paper. In our designed system, the following inspirations are considered. (1) The postequalization method does not require additional operations on the transmitter side and can optimize the tap weights of the digital post filter according to the severity of the system bandwidth limitation. This framework is used as the core of the data center. (2) Clothing is a must-have item for people’s daily life, and it is naturally soft and deformable. Therefore, combining clothing with smart wearable devices becomes a natural choice, and smart clothing comes into being. This media is used to construct the designed framework. Lastly, the proposed model is applied to the Australian Aboriginal sports health monitoiing system. The experiment results prove satisfactory performance.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
In: pp. 186-226, Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 9780199812776.
@inbook{Zuckermann2020b,
title = {‘Stop, Revive, Survive’: Revivalistics from the ‘Promised Land’ to the ‘Lucky Country’Revivalistics from the ‘Promised Land’ to the ‘Lucky Country’},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.1093/oso/9780199812776.003.0006},
isbn = {9780199812776},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-18},
pages = {186-226},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
abstract = {This chapter introduces revivalistics, a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry, and explores lessons from Israeli that are applicable to the reclamation and empowerment of Aboriginal languages in Australia and elsewhere. Any language reawakening should involve a long period of thoroughly observing, carefully listening to the language custodians, and learning, mapping and characterizing the specific Indigenous community. Only then can one inspire and assist. That said, this chapter proposes that there are linguistic constraints (as seen in the Hebrew reclamation) applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would be useful to endangered languages, particularly to Indigenous linguistic revival. The chapter introduces a practical tool: the quadrilateral Language Revival Diamond (LARD), featuring language owners, linguistics, education, and the public sphere. Each of these four core quadrants is necessary in reviving any language.},
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This chapter introduces revivalistics, a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry, and explores lessons from Israeli that are applicable to the reclamation and empowerment of Aboriginal languages in Australia and elsewhere. Any language reawakening should involve a long period of thoroughly observing, carefully listening to the language custodians, and learning, mapping and characterizing the specific Indigenous community. Only then can one inspire and assist. That said, this chapter proposes that there are linguistic constraints (as seen in the Hebrew reclamation) applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would be useful to endangered languages, particularly to Indigenous linguistic revival. The chapter introduces a practical tool: the quadrilateral Language Revival Diamond (LARD), featuring language owners, linguistics, education, and the public sphere. Each of these four core quadrants is necessary in reviving any language.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
In: pp. 112-149, Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 9780199812776.
@inbook{Zuckermann2020bb,
title = {Defying Religion and Deifying Nationhood: Conscious Ideological Secularization of Hebrew TermsConscious Ideological Secularization of Hebrew Terms},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.1093/oso/9780199812776.003.0003},
isbn = {9780199812776},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-18},
pages = {112-149},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
abstract = {This chapter explores the widespread phenomenon of semantic secularization. An example of an ideologically-neutral semantic secularization is visible in the transition of the meaning for the English word cell from ‘monk’s living place’ to become instead ‘autonomous self-replicating unit from which tissues of the body are formed’. The main focus of this chapter, however, is on secularizations involving ideological what I call ‘lexical engineering’, as exemplified by deliberate, subversive processes of extreme semantic shifting, pejoration, amelioration, trivialization, and allusion. An example of such transvaluation, the transition of semantic value, is [bəloˈri:t]. In Mishnaic Hebrew this term means ‘Mohawk, an upright strip of hair that runs across the crown of the head from the forehead to the nape of the neck’, a distinctive of the abominable pagan and not to be touched by the Jewish barber. But, defying religious values as well as negating the Diaspora (where Jews by and large had tidy hair), secular Socialist Zionists use blorít with the meaning ‘forelock, hair above the forehead’, which becomes one of the defining characteristics of the ‘Sabra’ (‘prickly pear’ a metaphor for a native Israeli)—as if proposing that the ‘new Jew’ is a pagan. In line with the prediction made by Gershom Scholem in his famous letter to Franz Rosenzweig (Bekenntnis über unsere Sprache, 1926), some ultra-orthodox Jews have tried to launch a ‘lexical vendetta’: using secularized terms as dormant agents, as a shortcut to religious concepts, thus trying to convince secular Jews to go back to their religious roots.},
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This chapter explores the widespread phenomenon of semantic secularization. An example of an ideologically-neutral semantic secularization is visible in the transition of the meaning for the English word cell from ‘monk’s living place’ to become instead ‘autonomous self-replicating unit from which tissues of the body are formed’. The main focus of this chapter, however, is on secularizations involving ideological what I call ‘lexical engineering’, as exemplified by deliberate, subversive processes of extreme semantic shifting, pejoration, amelioration, trivialization, and allusion. An example of such transvaluation, the transition of semantic value, is [bəloˈri:t]. In Mishnaic Hebrew this term means ‘Mohawk, an upright strip of hair that runs across the crown of the head from the forehead to the nape of the neck’, a distinctive of the abominable pagan and not to be touched by the Jewish barber. But, defying religious values as well as negating the Diaspora (where Jews by and large had tidy hair), secular Socialist Zionists use blorít with the meaning ‘forelock, hair above the forehead’, which becomes one of the defining characteristics of the ‘Sabra’ (‘prickly pear’ a metaphor for a native Israeli)—as if proposing that the ‘new Jew’ is a pagan. In line with the prediction made by Gershom Scholem in his famous letter to Franz Rosenzweig (Bekenntnis über unsere Sprache, 1926), some ultra-orthodox Jews have tried to launch a ‘lexical vendetta’: using secularized terms as dormant agents, as a shortcut to religious concepts, thus trying to convince secular Jews to go back to their religious roots.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
In: pp. 44-111, Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 9780199812776.
@inbook{Zuckermann2020bb,
title = {’Nother Tongue: Subconscious Cross-Fertilization between Hebrew and Its Revivalists’ Mother TonguesSubconscious Cross-Fertilization between Hebrew and Its Revivalists’ Mother Tongues},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.1093/oso/9780199812776.003.0002},
isbn = {9780199812776},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-18},
pages = {44-111},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
abstract = {This chapter analyses salient phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features in the fully fledged Israeli language. It illustrates the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of Israeli. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics, or productivity. The chapter demonstrates the ubiquitous multiple causation in Israeli and that the revival of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character.},
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This chapter analyses salient phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features in the fully fledged Israeli language. It illustrates the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of Israeli. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics, or productivity. The chapter demonstrates the ubiquitous multiple causation in Israeli and that the revival of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Native Tongue Title: Compensation for LinguicideCompensation for Linguicide Book Chapter
In: pp. 240-265, Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 9780199812776.
@inbook{Zuckermann2020bb,
title = {Native Tongue Title: Compensation for LinguicideCompensation for Linguicide},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.1093/oso/9780199812776.003.0008},
isbn = {9780199812776},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-18},
pages = {240-265},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
abstract = {This chapter proposes the enactment of an ex gratia compensation scheme for the loss of Indigenous languages in Australia. Although some Australian states have enacted ex gratia compensation schemes for the victims of the Stolen Generation policies, the victims of linguicide are largely overlooked by the Australian Government. Existing competitive grant schemes to support Aboriginal languages should be complemented with compensation schemes, which are based on a claim of right. The chapter first outlines the history of linguicide during colonization in Australia. It then puts a case for reviving lost Aboriginal languages by highlighting the deontological, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits of language revival. After evaluating the limits of existing Australian law in supporting language revival efforts, I propose ‘Native Tongue Title’, compensation for language loss—modelled upon Native Title, compensation for land loss.},
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This chapter proposes the enactment of an ex gratia compensation scheme for the loss of Indigenous languages in Australia. Although some Australian states have enacted ex gratia compensation schemes for the victims of the Stolen Generation policies, the victims of linguicide are largely overlooked by the Australian Government. Existing competitive grant schemes to support Aboriginal languages should be complemented with compensation schemes, which are based on a claim of right. The chapter first outlines the history of linguicide during colonization in Australia. It then puts a case for reviving lost Aboriginal languages by highlighting the deontological, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits of language revival. After evaluating the limits of existing Australian law in supporting language revival efforts, I propose ‘Native Tongue Title’, compensation for language loss—modelled upon Native Title, compensation for land loss.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
In: pp. 150-165, Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 9780199812776.
@inbook{Zuckermann2020bb,
title = {Realistic Prescriptivism: The Hebrew Language Academy and the Native SpeakerThe Hebrew Language Academy and the Native Speaker},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.1093/oso/9780199812776.003.0004},
isbn = {9780199812776},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-18},
pages = {150-165},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
abstract = {This chapter explores the futile lexpionage (lexical + espionage) of the Academy of the Hebrew Language. During the past century, Israeli has become the primary mode of communication in all domains of Israel’s public and private life. Issues of language are so sensitive in Israel that politicians are often involved. For example, in an article in Ha’aretz (21 June 2004), the late left-wing politician Yossi Sarid attacked the (most widespread) ‘common language of éser shékel’ as inarticulate and monstrous, and urged civilians to fight it and protect ‘Hebrew’. However, most Israelis say éser shékel ‘ten shekels’ rather than asar-á shkal-ím (original Hebrew pronunciation: [ʕǎśåˈrå ʃəqåˈli:m]), the former literally meaning ‘ten (masculine singular) shekel (masculine singular)’, the latter ‘ten (feminine singular) shekels (masculine plural)’, and thus having a ‘polarity-of-gender agreement’—with a feminine numeral and a masculine plural noun, which is a Biblical Hebrew norm, not so in Israeli. Brought into being by legislation in 1953 as the supreme institute for Hebrew, the Academy of the Hebrew Language prescribes standards for Israeli grammar, lexis (vocabulary), orthography, transcription, and vocalization (vowel marking) ‘based upon the study of Hebrew’s historical development’. This chapter critically analyses the Academy’s mission, as intriguingly—and in my view oxymoronically—defined in its constitution: ‘to direct the development of Hebrew in light of its nature’. It throws light on the dynamics within the committees’ meetings, and exposes some U-turn decisions made by the Academy.},
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This chapter explores the futile lexpionage (lexical + espionage) of the Academy of the Hebrew Language. During the past century, Israeli has become the primary mode of communication in all domains of Israel’s public and private life. Issues of language are so sensitive in Israel that politicians are often involved. For example, in an article in Ha’aretz (21 June 2004), the late left-wing politician Yossi Sarid attacked the (most widespread) ‘common language of éser shékel’ as inarticulate and monstrous, and urged civilians to fight it and protect ‘Hebrew’. However, most Israelis say éser shékel ‘ten shekels’ rather than asar-á shkal-ím (original Hebrew pronunciation: [ʕǎśåˈrå ʃəqåˈli:m]), the former literally meaning ‘ten (masculine singular) shekel (masculine singular)’, the latter ‘ten (feminine singular) shekels (masculine plural)’, and thus having a ‘polarity-of-gender agreement’—with a feminine numeral and a masculine plural noun, which is a Biblical Hebrew norm, not so in Israeli. Brought into being by legislation in 1953 as the supreme institute for Hebrew, the Academy of the Hebrew Language prescribes standards for Israeli grammar, lexis (vocabulary), orthography, transcription, and vocalization (vowel marking) ‘based upon the study of Hebrew’s historical development’. This chapter critically analyses the Academy’s mission, as intriguingly—and in my view oxymoronically—defined in its constitution: ‘to direct the development of Hebrew in light of its nature’. It throws light on the dynamics within the committees’ meetings, and exposes some U-turn decisions made by the Academy.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
The Hebrew Reclamation: Myth and RealityMyth and Reality Book Chapter
In: pp. 1-43, Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 9780199812776 T1.
@inbook{Zuckermann2020bb,
title = {The Hebrew Reclamation: Myth and RealityMyth and Reality},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.1093/oso/9780199812776.003.0001},
isbn = {9780199812776 T1},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-18},
pages = {1-43},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
abstract = {This chapter introduces an original analysis of the Hebrew reclamation, resulting in ‘Israeli’, a term first used by Zuckermann (1999). A language is a col-lect-ion, an abstract ensemble of lects (idiolects, sociolects, dialects, and other lects) rather than an entity per se. It is more like a species than an organism. Still, the genetic classification of Israeli as a consistent entity has preoccupied linguists since the language emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. As a consequence, Israeli affords insights into the politics and evolution not only of language, but also of linguistics and revivalistics. The chapter proposes that the languages spoken in Israel today is a semi-engineered, Semito-European hybrid language. Its complexity should be acknowledged and celebrated, regardless of what one chooses to call it. The chapter also introduces two useful principles to the analysis of revival languages: The Founder Principle and the Congruence Principle. In revivalistics, the Founder Principle proposes that the impact of the mother tongues of the revivalists—in the critical period of the emergence of the revival language—is much greater than that of following generations. The Congruence Principle in revivalistics proposes that the more contributing languages a feature exists in, the more likely it is to persist in the emerging revival language.},
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This chapter introduces an original analysis of the Hebrew reclamation, resulting in ‘Israeli’, a term first used by Zuckermann (1999). A language is a col-lect-ion, an abstract ensemble of lects (idiolects, sociolects, dialects, and other lects) rather than an entity per se. It is more like a species than an organism. Still, the genetic classification of Israeli as a consistent entity has preoccupied linguists since the language emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. As a consequence, Israeli affords insights into the politics and evolution not only of language, but also of linguistics and revivalistics. The chapter proposes that the languages spoken in Israel today is a semi-engineered, Semito-European hybrid language. Its complexity should be acknowledged and celebrated, regardless of what one chooses to call it. The chapter also introduces two useful principles to the analysis of revival languages: The Founder Principle and the Congruence Principle. In revivalistics, the Founder Principle proposes that the impact of the mother tongues of the revivalists—in the critical period of the emergence of the revival language—is much greater than that of following generations. The Congruence Principle in revivalistics proposes that the more contributing languages a feature exists in, the more likely it is to persist in the emerging revival language.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Our Ancestors Are Happy: Language Revival and Mental HealthLanguage Revival and Mental Health Book Chapter
In: pp. 266-280, Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 9780199812776 T1.
@inbook{Zuckermann2020bb,
title = {Our Ancestors Are Happy: Language Revival and Mental HealthLanguage Revival and Mental Health},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.1093/oso/9780199812776.003.0009},
isbn = {9780199812776 T1},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-18},
pages = {266-280},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
abstract = {This chapter explores the correlation between language revival and wellbeing. It suggests that there is an urgent need to systematically assess quantitatively the mental health impact of language reclamation on indigenous communities. The primary hypothesis is that there will be significant improvements in mental health during the language revival process, reduced suicide ideation (i.e. people would be less likely to come up with the idea of suicide as a possibility), reduced self-harm, and reduced instances of suicide. Language is postulated as core to a people’s wellbeing and mental health. The link between poor mental health and suicide has been clearly demonstrated. But it is one thing to have a statement about the importance of language and mental health; it is another to have the statistical evidence that governments often require to implement policies that will affect personal, community and social wellbeing. Hallett, Chandler, and Lalonde (2007) report a clear correlation between youth suicide and lack of conversational knowledge in the native language in British Columbia, Canada. However, there has been no systematic study of the impact of language revival on mental health and suicide, partly because language reclamation is still rare. This chapter suggests that just as language loss increases suicidal ideation and depression, language gain reduces ill mental health.},
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This chapter explores the correlation between language revival and wellbeing. It suggests that there is an urgent need to systematically assess quantitatively the mental health impact of language reclamation on indigenous communities. The primary hypothesis is that there will be significant improvements in mental health during the language revival process, reduced suicide ideation (i.e. people would be less likely to come up with the idea of suicide as a possibility), reduced self-harm, and reduced instances of suicide. Language is postulated as core to a people’s wellbeing and mental health. The link between poor mental health and suicide has been clearly demonstrated. But it is one thing to have a statement about the importance of language and mental health; it is another to have the statistical evidence that governments often require to implement policies that will affect personal, community and social wellbeing. Hallett, Chandler, and Lalonde (2007) report a clear correlation between youth suicide and lack of conversational knowledge in the native language in British Columbia, Canada. However, there has been no systematic study of the impact of language revival on mental health and suicide, partly because language reclamation is still rare. This chapter suggests that just as language loss increases suicidal ideation and depression, language gain reduces ill mental health.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 9780199812776.
@book{Zuckermann2020bb,
title = {Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and BeyondFrom the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.1093/oso/9780199812776.001.0001},
isbn = {9780199812776},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-04-14},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
abstract = {This seminal book introduces revivalistics , a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation, revitalization and reinvigoration. The book is divided into two main parts that represent Zuckermann’s fascinating and multifaceted journey into language revival, from the ‘Promised Land’ (Israel) to the ‘Lucky Country’ (Australia) and beyond: PART 1: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION The aim of this part is to suggest that due to the ubiquitous multiple causation, the reclamation of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character. The book highlights salient morphological, phonological, phonetic, syntactic, semantic and lexical features, illustrating the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of ‘Israeli’, the language resulting from the Hebrew revival. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics or productivity. PART 2: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND WELLBEING The book then applies practical lessons (rather than clichés) from the critical analysis of the Hebrew reclamation to other revival movements globally, and goes on to describe the why and how of language revival. The how includes practical, nitty-gritty methods for reclaiming ‘sleeping beauties’ such as the Barngarla Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, e.g. using what Zuckermann calls talknology (talk+technology). The why includes ethical, aesthetic, and utilitarian reasons such as improving wellbeing and mental health.},
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This seminal book introduces revivalistics , a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation, revitalization and reinvigoration. The book is divided into two main parts that represent Zuckermann’s fascinating and multifaceted journey into language revival, from the ‘Promised Land’ (Israel) to the ‘Lucky Country’ (Australia) and beyond: PART 1: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION The aim of this part is to suggest that due to the ubiquitous multiple causation, the reclamation of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character. The book highlights salient morphological, phonological, phonetic, syntactic, semantic and lexical features, illustrating the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of ‘Israeli’, the language resulting from the Hebrew revival. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics or productivity. PART 2: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND WELLBEING The book then applies practical lessons (rather than clichés) from the critical analysis of the Hebrew reclamation to other revival movements globally, and goes on to describe the why and how of language revival. The how includes practical, nitty-gritty methods for reclaiming ‘sleeping beauties’ such as the Barngarla Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, e.g. using what Zuckermann calls talknology (talk+technology). The why includes ethical, aesthetic, and utilitarian reasons such as improving wellbeing and mental health.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Revivalistics: Language Reclamation, Spirituality and Wellbeing Book Chapter
In: pp. 217-229, Springer, Singapore, 2020, ISBN: 978-981-15-2488-2 T1.
@inbook{Zuckermann2020bb,
title = {Revivalistics: Language Reclamation, Spirituality and Wellbeing},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
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isbn = {978-981-15-2488-2 T1},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-03-02},
pages = {217-229},
publisher = {Springer, Singapore},
abstract = {To what extent does knowledge and use of language affect spirituality and wellbeing? Hallett et al. discovered a clear correlation in British Columbia (Canada) between Aboriginal language loss and youth suicide. However, so far there has been no study of a correlation in the other direction, i.e. the impact of language revival on improved mental health and reduction in suicide. There is some evidence that just as language loss increases suicidal ideation and depression, language gain reduces mental ill-health, and improves spirituality and wellbeing. In this chapter I make these links, and argue that language revival reconnects people who have ‘lost’ their ‘soul’ with their cultural autonomy, intellectual sovereignty and spirituality.},
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To what extent does knowledge and use of language affect spirituality and wellbeing? Hallett et al. discovered a clear correlation in British Columbia (Canada) between Aboriginal language loss and youth suicide. However, so far there has been no study of a correlation in the other direction, i.e. the impact of language revival on improved mental health and reduction in suicide. There is some evidence that just as language loss increases suicidal ideation and depression, language gain reduces mental ill-health, and improves spirituality and wellbeing. In this chapter I make these links, and argue that language revival reconnects people who have ‘lost’ their ‘soul’ with their cultural autonomy, intellectual sovereignty and spirituality.
2019
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Butterweck, Matt; Chua, Cathy; Habibi, Hanieh; Rayner, Manny
Easy construction of multimedia online language textbooks and linguistics papers with LARA Conference
2019.
@conference{Zuckermann2019,
title = {Easy construction of multimedia online language textbooks and linguistics papers with LARA},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Matt Butterweck and Cathy Chua and Hanieh Habibi and Manny Rayner},
doi = {10.21125/iceri.2019.1737},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-12-16},
abstract = {LARA is a collaborative open project whose goal is to create resources that help people read L2 texts in foreign/archaic languages. It does this by providing tools that make it easy to transform plain text documents into hypertext versions that give non-native readers various kinds of help. Here, we describe recent work in which we have extended LARA in a new direction. Although the platform was originally constructed with pure L2 texts in mind, we have found that it is easy to adapt it so that it can also be used for linguistics papers and language textbooks; these are typically a mixture of L2 and L1 text, with examples in L2 and explanations in L1. Our presentation is organised around two paradigmatic examples, both developed within the framework of Ghil'ad Zuckermann's "Revivalistics" program. The first is a LARA version of Barngarlidhi Manoo ("Speaking Barngarla Together"), a 70 page primer for the South Australian Aboriginal language Barngarla composed by Zuckermann with the Barngarla people; the second is a section from Zuckermann’s 2020 book Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond (New York: Oxford University Press). Both examples are available online.},
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LARA is a collaborative open project whose goal is to create resources that help people read L2 texts in foreign/archaic languages. It does this by providing tools that make it easy to transform plain text documents into hypertext versions that give non-native readers various kinds of help. Here, we describe recent work in which we have extended LARA in a new direction. Although the platform was originally constructed with pure L2 texts in mind, we have found that it is easy to adapt it so that it can also be used for linguistics papers and language textbooks; these are typically a mixture of L2 and L1 text, with examples in L2 and explanations in L1. Our presentation is organised around two paradigmatic examples, both developed within the framework of Ghil'ad Zuckermann's "Revivalistics" program. The first is a LARA version of Barngarlidhi Manoo ("Speaking Barngarla Together"), a 70 page primer for the South Australian Aboriginal language Barngarla composed by Zuckermann with the Barngarla people; the second is a section from Zuckermann’s 2020 book Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond (New York: Oxford University Press). Both examples are available online.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; McCartney, Patrick
Unsanitizable Yoga: Revivalistics and Hybridic Reclaimed Sanskrit Journal Article
In: Mentalities = Mentalités, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1-48, 2019.
@article{Zuckermann2019b,
title = {Unsanitizable Yoga: Revivalistics and Hybridic Reclaimed Sanskrit},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Patrick McCartney},
doi = {10.17605/OSF.IO/4GFN5},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-12-10},
journal = {Mentalities = Mentalités},
volume = {33},
number = {1},
pages = {1-48},
abstract = {Our paper is an attempt to locate the ‘Spoken Sanskrit’ revival within the complex socio- political, religious, linguistic ecological context of a contemporary, globalized South Asia, and world (see Bordia 2015, Brass 2005). One of the key points of discussion in this paper surrounds the nomenclature used to define the varieties of Sanskrit spoken today. Simply put, for many reasons, a lot of the Sanskrit spoken today is not really the same as the archaic Vedic and Classical predecessors. Therefore, through a revivalistic lens, we explore some of the different registers of vernacular Sanskrit spoken today, and propose that they ought to, instead, be called Hybridic Reclaimed Sanskrit (henceforth, HRS).},
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Our paper is an attempt to locate the ‘Spoken Sanskrit’ revival within the complex socio- political, religious, linguistic ecological context of a contemporary, globalized South Asia, and world (see Bordia 2015, Brass 2005). One of the key points of discussion in this paper surrounds the nomenclature used to define the varieties of Sanskrit spoken today. Simply put, for many reasons, a lot of the Sanskrit spoken today is not really the same as the archaic Vedic and Classical predecessors. Therefore, through a revivalistic lens, we explore some of the different registers of vernacular Sanskrit spoken today, and propose that they ought to, instead, be called Hybridic Reclaimed Sanskrit (henceforth, HRS).
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Akhlaghi, Elham; Bédi, Branislav; Butterweck, Matthias; Cathy Chua, Johanna Gerlach; Habibi, Hanieh; Ikeda, Junta; Rayner, Manny; Sestigiani, Sabina
Demonstration of LARA: A Learning and Reading Assistant Conference
SLaTE, 2019.
@conference{Zuckermann2019bb,
title = {Demonstration of LARA: A Learning and Reading Assistant},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Elham Akhlaghi and Branislav Bédi and Matthias Butterweck and Cathy Chua, Johanna Gerlach and Hanieh Habibi and Junta Ikeda and Manny Rayner and Sabina Sestigiani},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-10-27},
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abstract = {We propose to demo LARA (Learning and Reading Assistant), a set of tools currently being developed in the context of a col-laborative open project for building and using online computer-assisted language learning (CALL) content. LARA offers a range of options for semi-automatically transforming text into a hypertext version designed to give support to non-native readers. The demo is intended to accompany our full paper about LARA; here we focus on describing some of the content we will present.},
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We propose to demo LARA (Learning and Reading Assistant), a set of tools currently being developed in the context of a col-laborative open project for building and using online computer-assisted language learning (CALL) content. LARA offers a range of options for semi-automatically transforming text into a hypertext version designed to give support to non-native readers. The demo is intended to accompany our full paper about LARA; here we focus on describing some of the content we will present.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
“Language Breathes Life” - Barngarla Community Perspectives on the Wellbeing Impacts of Reclaiming a Dormant Australian Aboriginal Language Journal Article
In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 16, no. 20, pp. 3918, 2019.
@article{Zuckermann2019bb,
title = {“Language Breathes Life” - Barngarla Community Perspectives on the Wellbeing Impacts of Reclaiming a Dormant Australian Aboriginal Language},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph16203918},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-10-15},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
volume = {16},
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abstract = {Traditional languages are a key element of Indigenous peoples’ identity, cultural expression, autonomy, spiritual and intellectual sovereignty, and wellbeing. While the links between Indigenous language loss and poor mental health have been demonstrated in several settings, little research has sought to identify the potential psychological benefits that may derive from language reclamation. The revival of the Barngarla language on the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, offers a unique opportunity to examine whether improvements in mental health and social and emotional wellbeing can occur during and following the language reclamation process. This paper presents findings from 16 semi-structured interviews conducted with Barngarla community members describing their own experienced or observed mental health and wellbeing impacts of language reclamation activities. Aligning with a social and emotional wellbeing framework from an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspective, key themes included connection to spirituality and ancestors; connection to Country; connection to culture; connection to community; connection to family and kinship; connection to mind and emotions; and impacts upon identity and cultural pride at an individual level. These themes will form the foundation of assessment of the impacts of language reclamation in future stages of the project.},
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Traditional languages are a key element of Indigenous peoples’ identity, cultural expression, autonomy, spiritual and intellectual sovereignty, and wellbeing. While the links between Indigenous language loss and poor mental health have been demonstrated in several settings, little research has sought to identify the potential psychological benefits that may derive from language reclamation. The revival of the Barngarla language on the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, offers a unique opportunity to examine whether improvements in mental health and social and emotional wellbeing can occur during and following the language reclamation process. This paper presents findings from 16 semi-structured interviews conducted with Barngarla community members describing their own experienced or observed mental health and wellbeing impacts of language reclamation activities. Aligning with a social and emotional wellbeing framework from an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspective, key themes included connection to spirituality and ancestors; connection to Country; connection to culture; connection to community; connection to family and kinship; connection to mind and emotions; and impacts upon identity and cultural pride at an individual level. These themes will form the foundation of assessment of the impacts of language reclamation in future stages of the project.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Tan, Wee-Liang
External impetus, co-production and grassroots innovations: The case of an innovation involving a language Journal Article
In: Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 164, pp. 119640, 2019.
@article{Zuckermann2019bb,
title = {External impetus, co-production and grassroots innovations: The case of an innovation involving a language},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Wee-Liang Tan},
doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2019.04.028},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-05-01},
journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
volume = {164},
pages = {119640},
abstract = {In the field of innovation, three constructs co-exist in different research streams that are exploring disadvantaged communities - grassroots innovations, inclusive innovations and social innovations. In this paper we examine an innovation that involves language: the revival of a language among an Aboriginal tribal community in Australia. In our qualitative-conceptual analysis of the case, we uncover that a) the innovation appears at various stages of the language revival project to cut across the typologies of grassroots, inclusive and social innovations; b) complementarities in the three types of innovation contribute to project initiation, planning, and execution. Based on these findings, we extend the conceptualization of what has been typically accepted as grassroots innovation. Specifically, our analysis of the case calls for a conceptualization of grassroots innovation to include initiation of innovations by external parties and co-production on the part of local communities. We conclude with a proposition that the dynamics of grassroots innovation, originated, observed and conceptualized in the context of disadvantaged communities, could be incorporated in organizational contexts through policies and structure that empower the members of such organizations.},
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In the field of innovation, three constructs co-exist in different research streams that are exploring disadvantaged communities - grassroots innovations, inclusive innovations and social innovations. In this paper we examine an innovation that involves language: the revival of a language among an Aboriginal tribal community in Australia. In our qualitative-conceptual analysis of the case, we uncover that a) the innovation appears at various stages of the language revival project to cut across the typologies of grassroots, inclusive and social innovations; b) complementarities in the three types of innovation contribute to project initiation, planning, and execution. Based on these findings, we extend the conceptualization of what has been typically accepted as grassroots innovation. Specifically, our analysis of the case calls for a conceptualization of grassroots innovation to include initiation of innovations by external parties and co-production on the part of local communities. We conclude with a proposition that the dynamics of grassroots innovation, originated, observed and conceptualized in the context of disadvantaged communities, could be incorporated in organizational contexts through policies and structure that empower the members of such organizations.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Holzman, Gitit
Tanakh Ram: Translating the Hebrew Bible into Israeli Journal Article
In: PaRDeS: Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien= Transformative Translations in Jewish History and Culture, vol. 2019, no. 25, pp. 105-122, 2019.
@article{Zuckermann2019bb,
title = {Tanakh Ram: Translating the Hebrew Bible into Israeli},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Gitit Holzman},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {PaRDeS: Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien= Transformative Translations in Jewish History and Culture},
volume = {2019},
number = {25},
pages = {105-122},
abstract = {The Ram Bible (Tanakh Ram) is a recently-published Bible edition printed in two columns: the right-hand column features the original biblical Hebrew text and the lefthand column features the translation of the Bible into a high-register literary Israeli (Reclaimed Hebrew). The Ram Bible edition has gained impressive academic and popular attention. This paper looks at differences between academics, teachers, students, media personalities and senior officials in the education system, regarding their attitude to the Ram Bible. Our study reveals that Bible teachers and students who make frequent use of this edition understand its contribution to comprehending the biblical language, stories, and ideas. Opponents of Ram Bible are typically administrators and theoretician scholars who advocate the importance of teaching the Bible but do not actually teach it themselves. We argue that the fundamental difference between biblical Hebrew and Israeli makes the Hebrew Bible incomprehensible to native Israeli speakers. We explain the advantages of employing tools such as the Ram Bible.},
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The Ram Bible (Tanakh Ram) is a recently-published Bible edition printed in two columns: the right-hand column features the original biblical Hebrew text and the lefthand column features the translation of the Bible into a high-register literary Israeli (Reclaimed Hebrew). The Ram Bible edition has gained impressive academic and popular attention. This paper looks at differences between academics, teachers, students, media personalities and senior officials in the education system, regarding their attitude to the Ram Bible. Our study reveals that Bible teachers and students who make frequent use of this edition understand its contribution to comprehending the biblical language, stories, and ideas. Opponents of Ram Bible are typically administrators and theoretician scholars who advocate the importance of teaching the Bible but do not actually teach it themselves. We argue that the fundamental difference between biblical Hebrew and Israeli makes the Hebrew Bible incomprehensible to native Israeli speakers. We explain the advantages of employing tools such as the Ram Bible.
2018
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Hetzron, Robert; Kaye, Alan S
Semitic Languages Book Chapter
In: pp. 564-572, Routledge, 2018, ISBN: 9781315644936.
@inbook{Zuckermann2018,
title = {Semitic Languages},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Robert Hetzron and Alan S Kaye},
doi = {10.4324/9781315644936-33},
isbn = {9781315644936},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-04-17},
pages = {564-572},
publisher = {Routledge},
abstract = {Originally limited to the area east of the Mediterranean, the Semitic languages spread into North Africa, southern Europe and the Horn of Africa. In antiquity, the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires were major centres of civilisation. Phoenician traders were establishing colonies all over the Mediterranean basin. Hebrew culture, through its monotheistic religion, Judaism, has exerted an exceptional influence, directly or indirectly (through the two religions that followed it: Christianity and Islam), on all of humankind. Arabic, in addition to being the carrier of an important medieval civilisation, has become one of the world’s major languages.},
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Originally limited to the area east of the Mediterranean, the Semitic languages spread into North Africa, southern Europe and the Horn of Africa. In antiquity, the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires were major centres of civilisation. Phoenician traders were establishing colonies all over the Mediterranean basin. Hebrew culture, through its monotheistic religion, Judaism, has exerted an exceptional influence, directly or indirectly (through the two religions that followed it: Christianity and Islam), on all of humankind. Arabic, in addition to being the carrier of an important medieval civilisation, has become one of the world’s major languages.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Dictionary of the Barngarla Aboriginal Language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. Book
South Australia. http://www. dictionary. barngarla. org/, 2018.
@book{Zuckermann2018b,
title = {Dictionary of the Barngarla Aboriginal Language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia.},
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2016
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Fontaine, Lorena Sekwan; Pitawanakwat, Brock; Lipe, Kaiwipunikauikawēkiu; Richaud, Vāhi; Selby, Mereana; Walsh, Michael; Spolsky, Bernard; Soria, Claudia; Hancock, Ian; Dolowy-Rybinska, Nicole; Tresidder, Michael; Evas, Jeremy; McLeod, Wilson; Grenoble, Lenore A.; Rewi, Poia; Higgins, Rawinia; Day, Delyn M.
The Journeys of Besieged Languages Journal Article
In: 2016, ISBN: 978-1-4438-9943-7.
@article{Zuckermann2016bb,
title = {The Journeys of Besieged Languages},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Lorena Sekwan Fontaine and Brock Pitawanakwat and Kaiwipunikauikawēkiu Lipe and Vāhi Richaud and Mereana Selby and Michael Walsh and Bernard Spolsky and Claudia Soria and Ian Hancock and Nicole Dolowy-Rybinska and Michael Tresidder and Jeremy Evas and Wilson McLeod and Lenore A. Grenoble and Poia Rewi and Rawinia Higgins and Delyn M. Day},
isbn = {978-1-4438-9943-7},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-11-01},
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Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Yao, Chunlin
Language vitality and language identity — which one is more important?: Tibetan-Chinese bilingual education in Maketang versus Huazangsi Journal Article
In: Language Problems and Language Planning, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 163-186, 2016.
@article{Zuckermann2016bb,
title = {Language vitality and language identity — which one is more important?: Tibetan-Chinese bilingual education in Maketang versus Huazangsi},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Chunlin Yao},
doi = {10.1075/lplp.40.2.04yao},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-08-04},
journal = {Language Problems and Language Planning},
volume = {40},
number = {2},
pages = {163-186},
abstract = {How to protect language diversity in the world is a hotly discussed topic in linguistic research. This study investigates the relationship between Tibetan language vitality and language users' identity in Maketang and Huazangsi Tibetan Autonomy County. On the basis of empirical data, the study suggests that there are no strong, positive correlations between Tibetan language vitality and the speakers' language identity (or with their language activities and inclinations). However, pragmatic matters constitute an important factor that influences speakers' activities and inclinations. These findings can be explained by conflicting functions performed by language: language as a communication tool on the one hand, and language as a receptacle of culture on the other. Bilingual (or multilingual) education can fulfill a useful role in balancing these two language functions. As a result of the evidence in this study, we argue that language protection cannot preserve both language vitality and language identity, and that, therefore, language protection should pay more attention to issues of language identity rather than to issues of language vitality.},
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How to protect language diversity in the world is a hotly discussed topic in linguistic research. This study investigates the relationship between Tibetan language vitality and language users' identity in Maketang and Huazangsi Tibetan Autonomy County. On the basis of empirical data, the study suggests that there are no strong, positive correlations between Tibetan language vitality and the speakers' language identity (or with their language activities and inclinations). However, pragmatic matters constitute an important factor that influences speakers' activities and inclinations. These findings can be explained by conflicting functions performed by language: language as a communication tool on the one hand, and language as a receptacle of culture on the other. Bilingual (or multilingual) education can fulfill a useful role in balancing these two language functions. As a result of the evidence in this study, we argue that language protection cannot preserve both language vitality and language identity, and that, therefore, language protection should pay more attention to issues of language identity rather than to issues of language vitality.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Shift Happens: Tarbutomics, Israeli CulturomicsTarbutomics, Israeli Culturomics Book Chapter
In: pp. 165-185, Oxford University Press, 2016, ISBN: 9780199812776.
@inbook{Zuckermann2016b,
title = {Shift Happens: Tarbutomics, Israeli CulturomicsTarbutomics, Israeli Culturomics},
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isbn = {9780199812776},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-06-08},
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abstract = {This chapter explores, for the first time, culturomics in Israeli. Culturomics is a trans-disciplinary form of computational lexicology that studies human behaviour, language, and cultural and historical trends through the quantitative analysis of texts. My term tarbutomics is based on תרבות tarbút, Israeli for ‘culture’, thus calquing (loan-translating) the term culturomics. Tarbutomics ought to be a new tool for evaluating the linguistic, cultural, and social trends occurring throughout a historical period. To see how Hebrew lexis has changed from 1500 until 2009, the chapter analyses data from Google Books. To do this, the Google Books database was downloaded. Tarbutomics takes the raw Hebrew 1-gram data and puts it in a relational database, allowing us to ask more sophisticated questions. It can shed light on questions about Israeli culture, Hebrew language reclamation, and about the development of the Israeli language throughout the twentieth century.},
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This chapter explores, for the first time, culturomics in Israeli. Culturomics is a trans-disciplinary form of computational lexicology that studies human behaviour, language, and cultural and historical trends through the quantitative analysis of texts. My term tarbutomics is based on תרבות tarbút, Israeli for ‘culture’, thus calquing (loan-translating) the term culturomics. Tarbutomics ought to be a new tool for evaluating the linguistic, cultural, and social trends occurring throughout a historical period. To see how Hebrew lexis has changed from 1500 until 2009, the chapter analyses data from Google Books. To do this, the Google Books database was downloaded. Tarbutomics takes the raw Hebrew 1-gram data and puts it in a relational database, allowing us to ask more sophisticated questions. It can shed light on questions about Israeli culture, Hebrew language reclamation, and about the development of the Israeli language throughout the twentieth century.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Talknology in the Service of the Barngarla Language Reclamation Book Chapter
In: pp. 227-239, Oxford University Press, 2016, ISBN: 9780199812776.
@inbook{Zuckermann2016,
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abstract = {This chapter introduces the fascinating and multifaceted reclamation of the Barngarla Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. In 2012, the Barngarla community and I launched the reclamation of this sleeping beauty. The presence of three Barngarla populations, several hours drive apart, presents the revival linguist with a need for a sophisticated reclamation involving talknological innovations such as online chatting, newsgroups, as well as photo and resource sharing. The chapter provides a brief description of our activities so far and describes the Barngarla Dictionary App. The Barngarla reclamation demonstrates two examples of righting the wrong of the past: (1) A book written in 1844 in order to assist a German Lutheran missionary to introduce the Christian light to Aboriginal people (and thus to weaken their own spirituality), is used 170 years later (by a secular Jew) to assist the Barngarla Aboriginal people, who have been linguicided by Anglo-Australians, to reconnect with their very heritage. (2) Technology, used for invasion (ships), colonization (weapons), and stolen generations (governmental black cars kidnapping Aboriginal children from their mothers), is employed (in the form of an app) to assist the Barngarla to reconnect with their cultural autonomy, intellectual sovereignty, and spirituality.},
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This chapter introduces the fascinating and multifaceted reclamation of the Barngarla Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. In 2012, the Barngarla community and I launched the reclamation of this sleeping beauty. The presence of three Barngarla populations, several hours drive apart, presents the revival linguist with a need for a sophisticated reclamation involving talknological innovations such as online chatting, newsgroups, as well as photo and resource sharing. The chapter provides a brief description of our activities so far and describes the Barngarla Dictionary App. The Barngarla reclamation demonstrates two examples of righting the wrong of the past: (1) A book written in 1844 in order to assist a German Lutheran missionary to introduce the Christian light to Aboriginal people (and thus to weaken their own spirituality), is used 170 years later (by a secular Jew) to assist the Barngarla Aboriginal people, who have been linguicided by Anglo-Australians, to reconnect with their very heritage. (2) Technology, used for invasion (ships), colonization (weapons), and stolen generations (governmental black cars kidnapping Aboriginal children from their mothers), is employed (in the form of an app) to assist the Barngarla to reconnect with their cultural autonomy, intellectual sovereignty, and spirituality.
2015
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Holzman, Gitit
Let My People Know!: Towards a Revolution in the Teaching of the Hebrew Bible Journal Article
In: ANZTLA EJournal, vol. 11, pp. 21-23, 2015.
@article{Zuckermann2015,
title = {Let My People Know!: Towards a Revolution in the Teaching of the Hebrew Bible},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Gitit Holzman},
doi = {10.31046/anztla.vi11.258},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-04-19},
journal = {ANZTLA EJournal},
volume = {11},
pages = {21-23},
abstract = {In 1996 President Ezer Weizman visited the University of Cambridge to familiarise himself with the famous collection of medieval Jewish manuscripts known as the Cairo Genizah. He was introduced to the Regius Professor of Hebrew. Hearing ‘Hebrew’, the friendly president clapped the don on the shoulder and asked ma nishma, the common Israeli ‘what’s up?’greeting, which is, in fact, a loan translation of the Yiddish phrase vas hert zikh, usually pronounced vsertsekh and literally meaning ‘what’s heard?’.
To Weizman’s astonishment, the distinguished Hebrew professor did not have the faintest clue whatsoever about what the president ‘wanted from his life’. As an expert of the Old Testament, he wondered whether Weizman was alluding to Deuteronomy 6: 4: Shema’Yisra’el (Hear, 0 Israel). Knowing neither Yiddish, Russian (chto slyshno),},
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}
In 1996 President Ezer Weizman visited the University of Cambridge to familiarise himself with the famous collection of medieval Jewish manuscripts known as the Cairo Genizah. He was introduced to the Regius Professor of Hebrew. Hearing ‘Hebrew’, the friendly president clapped the don on the shoulder and asked ma nishma, the common Israeli ‘what’s up?’greeting, which is, in fact, a loan translation of the Yiddish phrase vas hert zikh, usually pronounced vsertsekh and literally meaning ‘what’s heard?’.
To Weizman’s astonishment, the distinguished Hebrew professor did not have the faintest clue whatsoever about what the president ‘wanted from his life’. As an expert of the Old Testament, he wondered whether Weizman was alluding to Deuteronomy 6: 4: Shema’Yisra’el (Hear, 0 Israel). Knowing neither Yiddish, Russian (chto slyshno),
To Weizman’s astonishment, the distinguished Hebrew professor did not have the faintest clue whatsoever about what the president ‘wanted from his life’. As an expert of the Old Testament, he wondered whether Weizman was alluding to Deuteronomy 6: 4: Shema’Yisra’el (Hear, 0 Israel). Knowing neither Yiddish, Russian (chto slyshno),
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
ENGAGING: A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property Book
Government of Australia, 2015.
@book{Zuckermann2015b,
title = {ENGAGING: A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
publisher = {Government of Australia},
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Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
A free MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) Language Revival: Securing the Future of Endangered Languages Presentation
01.01.2015.
@misc{Zuckermann2015bb,
title = {A free MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) Language Revival: Securing the Future of Endangered Languages},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
abstract = {Language is an integral part of society. Wherever we come from, the words we use and the way in which we use them are fundamental to our cultural identity. In today’s increasingly globalised world, however, ‘linguicide’ – the loss of a language – is becoming all too common. But there is hope. The language revival movement has emerged as an important and effective response, and this course will introduce you to its key principles and techniques. After discussing powerful answers to the question of why languages should be revived, we’ll investigate how. Far more than just a simple process of recovering literacy and lost letters, language revival involves a deep and complex engagement with history, human rights, identity and wellbeing. You will also learn what’s being done around the world right now, and how effective these techniques have been.},
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Language is an integral part of society. Wherever we come from, the words we use and the way in which we use them are fundamental to our cultural identity. In today’s increasingly globalised world, however, ‘linguicide’ – the loss of a language – is becoming all too common. But there is hope. The language revival movement has emerged as an important and effective response, and this course will introduce you to its key principles and techniques. After discussing powerful answers to the question of why languages should be revived, we’ll investigate how. Far more than just a simple process of recovering literacy and lost letters, language revival involves a deep and complex engagement with history, human rights, identity and wellbeing. You will also learn what’s being done around the world right now, and how effective these techniques have been.
2014
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Holzman, Gitit
Let my people know!: Towards a revolution in the teaching of the Hebrew bible Journal Article
In: International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 2014, no. 226, pp. 57-82, 2014.
@article{Zuckermann2014,
title = {Let my people know!: Towards a revolution in the teaching of the Hebrew bible},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Gitit Holzman},
doi = {10.1515/ijsl-2013-0075},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-02-28},
journal = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language},
volume = {2014},
number = {226},
pages = {57-82},
abstract = {Acquiring knowledge of the Hebrew Bible and comprehension of the language are major aims of the Israeli education system. Yet for most students, it fails on both counts. This article proposes that these failures are closely connected: both are rooted in an erroneous linkage between Biblical Hebrew and the language spoken in modern Israel. Modern Hebrew-or more appropriately: "Israeli"-is a hybrid of Hebrew, Yiddish and other languages. Its grammar is distinct from that of Hebrew, and it has been the mother tongue of most Israeli-born Jews for about a hundred years there is a fundamental difference between the acquisition and usage of mother tongues and those of any other language. Since Biblical Hebrew is a foreign language for modern Israelis, it ought to be taught as such. Israeli should be acknowledged as a legitimate, distinct tongue.},
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Acquiring knowledge of the Hebrew Bible and comprehension of the language are major aims of the Israeli education system. Yet for most students, it fails on both counts. This article proposes that these failures are closely connected: both are rooted in an erroneous linkage between Biblical Hebrew and the language spoken in modern Israel. Modern Hebrew-or more appropriately: "Israeli"-is a hybrid of Hebrew, Yiddish and other languages. Its grammar is distinct from that of Hebrew, and it has been the mother tongue of most Israeli-born Jews for about a hundred years there is a fundamental difference between the acquisition and usage of mother tongues and those of any other language. Since Biblical Hebrew is a foreign language for modern Israelis, it ought to be taught as such. Israeli should be acknowledged as a legitimate, distinct tongue.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Shakuto-Neoh, Shiori; Quer, Giovanni Matteo
Native Tongue Title: Compensation for the loss of Aboriginal languages Journal Article
In: Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 1, pp. 55-71, 2014.
@article{Zuckermann2014b,
title = {Native Tongue Title: Compensation for the loss of Aboriginal languages},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Shiori Shakuto-Neoh and Giovanni Matteo Quer},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Australian Aboriginal Studies},
number = {1},
pages = {55-71},
abstract = {This paper proposes the enactment of an ex gratia compensation scheme for loss of Indigenous languages in Australia. Although some Australian states have enacted ex gratia compensation schemes for the victims of the Stolen Generation policies, the victims of linguicide (language killing) are largely overlooked by the Australian Government. Existing grant schemes to support Aboriginal languages are inadequate, and they should be complemented with compensation schemes, which are based on a claim of right. The proposed compensation scheme for the loss of Aboriginal languages should support the effort to reclaim and revive the lost languages. We first outline the history of linguicide during colonisation in Australia. We then put a case for reviving lost Aboriginal languages by highlighting the benefits of language revival. After evaluating the limits of existing Australian law in supporting the language revival efforts, this paper proposes a statute-based ex gratia compensation scheme, which can be colloquially called Native Tongue Title.},
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This paper proposes the enactment of an ex gratia compensation scheme for loss of Indigenous languages in Australia. Although some Australian states have enacted ex gratia compensation schemes for the victims of the Stolen Generation policies, the victims of linguicide (language killing) are largely overlooked by the Australian Government. Existing grant schemes to support Aboriginal languages are inadequate, and they should be complemented with compensation schemes, which are based on a claim of right. The proposed compensation scheme for the loss of Aboriginal languages should support the effort to reclaim and revive the lost languages. We first outline the history of linguicide during colonisation in Australia. We then put a case for reviving lost Aboriginal languages by highlighting the benefits of language revival. After evaluating the limits of existing Australian law in supporting the language revival efforts, this paper proposes a statute-based ex gratia compensation scheme, which can be colloquially called Native Tongue Title.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Nissan, Ephraim
In: pp. 537-561, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014, ISBN: 978-3-642-45326-7.
@inbook{Zuckermann2014bb,
title = {One Zoonym, Two Parents: Mendele’s Phono-Semantic Matching of Animal Terms, and Later Developments of Lexical Confluence in Modern Hebrew Zoonymy},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Ephraim Nissan},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-45327-4_14},
isbn = {978-3-642-45326-7},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
pages = {537-561},
publisher = {Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg},
abstract = {In this study, we sift through the Hebrew animal names neologised by Abramowitsch (1866) in his natural history of birds. We identify and discuss a few such coinages of his which exhibit folk-etymological nativisation, by phono-semantic matching. Moreover, we trace occurrences of application of devices of lexical conflation by covert borrowing also in Hebrew zoonyms coined more recently than in Abramowitsch’s Natural History. Studying the latter’s neologised animal names is important because it illustrates a phenomenon (lexical conflation as a way to nativise loanwords) which has occurred in several modernised languages, and because Abramowitsch’s work was at a time when there arose modernisers also for other languages.},
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In this study, we sift through the Hebrew animal names neologised by Abramowitsch (1866) in his natural history of birds. We identify and discuss a few such coinages of his which exhibit folk-etymological nativisation, by phono-semantic matching. Moreover, we trace occurrences of application of devices of lexical conflation by covert borrowing also in Hebrew zoonyms coined more recently than in Abramowitsch’s Natural History. Studying the latter’s neologised animal names is important because it illustrates a phenomenon (lexical conflation as a way to nativise loanwords) which has occurred in several modernised languages, and because Abramowitsch’s work was at a time when there arose modernisers also for other languages.
2012
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Nguyen, Nga Thuy
Stupid as a Coin: Meaning and rhyming similes in Vietnamese Journal Article
In: International Journal of Language Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 97-118, 2012.
@article{Zuckermann2012,
title = {Stupid as a Coin: Meaning and rhyming similes in Vietnamese},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Nga Thuy Nguyen},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-10-20},
journal = {International Journal of Language Studies},
volume = {6},
number = {4},
pages = {97-118},
abstract = {Similes emphasise affinities between different objects, and they occur in many cultures. Vietnamese similes can be classified into two types: Meaning Similes and Rhyming Similes. This paper analyses and compares their structure and their semantic and phonetic requirements. It also draws innovative parallels between Vietnamese rhyming similes and Cockney Rhyming Slang, Multisourced Neologization of the Phonetic Matching type, and English, Italian and Israeli euphemisms.},
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Similes emphasise affinities between different objects, and they occur in many cultures. Vietnamese similes can be classified into two types: Meaning Similes and Rhyming Similes. This paper analyses and compares their structure and their semantic and phonetic requirements. It also draws innovative parallels between Vietnamese rhyming similes and Cockney Rhyming Slang, Multisourced Neologization of the Phonetic Matching type, and English, Italian and Israeli euphemisms.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Introduction to the Joshua A. Fishman comprehensive bibliography Journal Article
In: International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 1, no. 213, pp. 149-152, 2012.
@article{Zuckermann2012b,
title = {Introduction to the Joshua A. Fishman comprehensive bibliography},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.1515/ijsl-2012-0014},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-02-15},
journal = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language},
volume = {1},
number = {213},
pages = {149-152},
abstract = {Seven Jews have changed the world. Moses said:“Everything is in the head!” Jesus said:“Everything is in the heart!” Marx said:“Everything is in the stomach!” Freud said:“Everything is in the groin!” Fishman said:“Everything is in the tongue!” Zuckerberg said:“Everything is in the finger!” Einstein said:“Everything is relative!” Success is relative. But Joshua A. Fishman, hypocoristically aka Shikl, has set an absolute standard. Only in the dictionary does “Success” come before “Work”. And Fishman’s more than 80 books and 1000 articles demonstrate his Herculean commitment to scholarship since his first publications in the original Yiddish journal Yugntruf in 1945, which he co-founded with contact linguist Uriel Weinreich.},
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Seven Jews have changed the world. Moses said:“Everything is in the head!” Jesus said:“Everything is in the heart!” Marx said:“Everything is in the stomach!” Freud said:“Everything is in the groin!” Fishman said:“Everything is in the tongue!” Zuckerberg said:“Everything is in the finger!” Einstein said:“Everything is relative!” Success is relative. But Joshua A. Fishman, hypocoristically aka Shikl, has set an absolute standard. Only in the dictionary does “Success” come before “Work”. And Fishman’s more than 80 books and 1000 articles demonstrate his Herculean commitment to scholarship since his first publications in the original Yiddish journal Yugntruf in 1945, which he co-founded with contact linguist Uriel Weinreich.
2011
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
The Israeli language: Hebrew revived, Yiddish survived Journal Article
In: Afn Shvel, vol. 337, pp. 24-27, 2011.
@article{Zuckermann2011,
title = {The Israeli language: Hebrew revived, Yiddish survived},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Afn Shvel},
volume = {337},
pages = {24-27},
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Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Israeli, speak Israeli! - The marvels of the Israeli language Journal Article
In: 2011.
@article{Zuckermann2011b,
title = {Israeli, speak Israeli! - The marvels of the Israeli language},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
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Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
The Genesis of the Israeli Language: A Response to “Philologos”'s “Hebrew vs. Israeli” Journal Article
In: The Mendele Review: Yiddish Literature and Language, vol. 8, no. 13, 2011.
@article{Zuckermann2011bb,
title = {The Genesis of the Israeli Language: A Response to “Philologos”'s “Hebrew vs. Israeli”},
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year = {2011},
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Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Israeli (Modern Hebrew)(14 vols) Journal Article
In: pp. 265-268, 2011.
@article{Zuckermann2011bb,
title = {Israeli (Modern Hebrew)(14 vols)},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
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Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Farmaskirte antlayung: yidishe leksishe hashpoe af ivrit'(Camouflaged borrowing: The lexical influence of Yiddish on Israeli) Journal Article
In: Yerusholaimer Almanakh: Periodic Collections for Yiddish Literature and Culture, vol. 28, pp. 418-428, 2011.
@article{Zuckermann2011bb,
title = {Farmaskirte antlayung: yidishe leksishe hashpoe af ivrit'(Camouflaged borrowing: The lexical influence of Yiddish on Israeli)},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Yerusholaimer Almanakh: Periodic Collections for Yiddish Literature and Culture},
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Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Walsh, Michael
In: Australian Journal of Linguistics, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 111-127, 2011.
@article{Zuckermann2011bb,
title = {Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Michael Walsh},
doi = {10.1080/07268602.2011.532859},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Australian Journal of Linguistics},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
pages = {111-127},
abstract = {The revival of Hebrew is so far the most successful known reclamation of a sleeping tongue and is a language movement that has been in progress for more than 120 years. By comparison, language revival movements in Australia are in their infancy. This article provides comparative insights and makes information about the Hebrew revival accessible to Australian linguists and Aboriginal revival activists. Needless to say, the first stage of any desire by professional linguists to assist in language reawakening must involve a long period of thoroughly observing, carefully listening to the people, learning, mapping and characterizing the specific indigenous community. Only then can one inspire and assist. That said, this article proposes that there are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would be useful to endangered languages in general and to Aboriginal linguistic revival in particular. This article contributes towards the establishment of Revival Linguistics, a new linguistic discipline and paradigm. Zuckermann's term Revival Linguistics is modelled upon 'Contact Linguistics.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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The revival of Hebrew is so far the most successful known reclamation of a sleeping tongue and is a language movement that has been in progress for more than 120 years. By comparison, language revival movements in Australia are in their infancy. This article provides comparative insights and makes information about the Hebrew revival accessible to Australian linguists and Aboriginal revival activists. Needless to say, the first stage of any desire by professional linguists to assist in language reawakening must involve a long period of thoroughly observing, carefully listening to the people, learning, mapping and characterizing the specific indigenous community. Only then can one inspire and assist. That said, this article proposes that there are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would be useful to endangered languages in general and to Aboriginal linguistic revival in particular. This article contributes towards the establishment of Revival Linguistics, a new linguistic discipline and paradigm. Zuckermann's term Revival Linguistics is modelled upon 'Contact Linguistics.
2010
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Ibridazione Culturale: Neologizzazione a Fonte Multipla in Linguaggi "Reinventati" e in Linguaggi a Scrittura "Fono-Logografica" Journal Article
In: Ethnorêma, vol. 6, 2010.
@article{Zuckermann2010,
title = {Ibridazione Culturale: Neologizzazione a Fonte Multipla in Linguaggi "Reinventati" e in Linguaggi a Scrittura "Fono-Logografica"},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-12-01},
journal = {Ethnorêma},
volume = {6},
abstract = {This article analyses a fascinating and multifaceted mechanism of lexical expansion. It introduces the term „phono-semantic matching‟ to refer to the phenomenon in which a foreign lexical item is reproduced in the host language, using pre-existent native elements that are similar to the foreign word both in meaning and in sound. Such multi- sourced neologization constitutes a culturally-loaded camouflaged borrowing. The article explores this camouflaged borrowing in two key language categories: 1. ̳Reinvented‘, standardized and puristically-oriented languages, in which language- planners attempt to replace undesirable loanwords, e.g. Israeli and Revolutionized Turkish (and Icelandic). 2. Languages using ̳phono-logographic‘ script, e.g. Chinese and Japanese (in the latter – to the extent that kanji are used). For puristic language planners, such multisourced neologization of „one word, two parents‟, is an ideal means of lexical expansion because it conceals foreign influence from the future native speakers, ensuring lexicographic acceptability of the coinage, recycles obsolete autochthonous roots and words (a delight for purists) and aids initial learning among contemporary learners and speakers. This article constitutes towards the establishment of Revival Linguistics, a new linguistic discipline and paradigm. Zuckermann‟s term Revival Linguistics is modelled upon „Contact Linguistics‟.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article analyses a fascinating and multifaceted mechanism of lexical expansion. It introduces the term „phono-semantic matching‟ to refer to the phenomenon in which a foreign lexical item is reproduced in the host language, using pre-existent native elements that are similar to the foreign word both in meaning and in sound. Such multi- sourced neologization constitutes a culturally-loaded camouflaged borrowing. The article explores this camouflaged borrowing in two key language categories: 1. ̳Reinvented‘, standardized and puristically-oriented languages, in which language- planners attempt to replace undesirable loanwords, e.g. Israeli and Revolutionized Turkish (and Icelandic). 2. Languages using ̳phono-logographic‘ script, e.g. Chinese and Japanese (in the latter – to the extent that kanji are used). For puristic language planners, such multisourced neologization of „one word, two parents‟, is an ideal means of lexical expansion because it conceals foreign influence from the future native speakers, ensuring lexicographic acceptability of the coinage, recycles obsolete autochthonous roots and words (a delight for purists) and aids initial learning among contemporary learners and speakers. This article constitutes towards the establishment of Revival Linguistics, a new linguistic discipline and paradigm. Zuckermann‟s term Revival Linguistics is modelled upon „Contact Linguistics‟.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Do Israelis Understand the Hebrew Bible? Journal Article
In: The Bible and Critical Theory, vol. 6, no. 1, 2010.
@article{Zuckermann2010b,
title = {Do Israelis Understand the Hebrew Bible?},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.2104/bc100006},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-03-01},
journal = {The Bible and Critical Theory},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
abstract = {The Hebrew Bible should be taught like a foreign language in Israel too, argues Ghil ‘ad Zuckermann, inter alia endorsing Avraham Ahuvia’s recently-launched translation of the Old Testament into what Zuckermann calls high-register ‘Israeli’. According to Zuckermann, Tanakh RAM fulfills the mission of ‘red’el ha ‘am’not only in its Hebrew meaning (Go down to the people) but also–more importantly–in its Yiddish meaning (‘red’meaning ‘speak!’, as opposed to its colorful communist sense). Ahuvia’s translation is most useful and dignified. Given its high register, however, Zuckermann predicts that the future promises consequent translations into more colloquial forms of Israeli, a beautifully multi-layered and intricately multi-sourced language, of which to be proud.},
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The Hebrew Bible should be taught like a foreign language in Israel too, argues Ghil ‘ad Zuckermann, inter alia endorsing Avraham Ahuvia’s recently-launched translation of the Old Testament into what Zuckermann calls high-register ‘Israeli’. According to Zuckermann, Tanakh RAM fulfills the mission of ‘red’el ha ‘am’not only in its Hebrew meaning (Go down to the people) but also–more importantly–in its Yiddish meaning (‘red’meaning ‘speak!’, as opposed to its colorful communist sense). Ahuvia’s translation is most useful and dignified. Given its high register, however, Zuckermann predicts that the future promises consequent translations into more colloquial forms of Israeli, a beautifully multi-layered and intricately multi-sourced language, of which to be proud.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Yadin, Azzan
Blorít — Pagans’ Mohawk or Sabras’ Forelock? Ideological Secularization of Hebrew Terms in Socialist Zionist Israeli Book Chapter
In: pp. 84-125, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2010, ISBN: 978-1-349-35476-4.
@inbook{Zuckermann2010bb,
title = {Blorít — Pagans’ Mohawk or Sabras’ Forelock? Ideological Secularization of Hebrew Terms in Socialist Zionist Israeli},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Azzan Yadin},
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isbn = {978-1-349-35476-4},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
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publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan, London},
abstract = {One of the problems facing those attempting to revive Hebrew as the national language of the emerging state of Israel was that of Hebrew lexical voids. The ‘revivalists’ attempted to use mainly internal sources of lexical enrichment but were faced with a paucity of roots. They changed the meanings of obsolete Hebrew terms to fit the modern world. This infusion often entailed the secularization of religious terms.},
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One of the problems facing those attempting to revive Hebrew as the national language of the emerging state of Israel was that of Hebrew lexical voids. The ‘revivalists’ attempted to use mainly internal sources of lexical enrichment but were faced with a paucity of roots. They changed the meanings of obsolete Hebrew terms to fit the modern world. This infusion often entailed the secularization of religious terms.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Yadin, Azzan
Blorít - pagans’ mohawk or sabras’ forelock? Ideological secularization of hebrew terms in socialist zionist Israeli Book Chapter
In: pp. 84-125, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2010, ISBN: 978-1-349-35476-4.
@inbook{Zuckermann2010bb,
title = {Blorít - pagans’ mohawk or sabras’ forelock? Ideological secularization of hebrew terms in socialist zionist Israeli},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Azzan Yadin},
doi = {10.1057/9780230304710},
isbn = {978-1-349-35476-4},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
pages = {84-125},
publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan, London},
abstract = {One of the problems facing those attempting to revive Hebrew as the national language of the emerging state of Israel was that of Hebrew lexical voids. The ‘revivalists’ attempted to use mainly internal sources of lexical enrichment but were faced with a paucity of roots. They changed the meanings of obsolete Hebrew terms to fit the modern world. This infusion often entailed the secularization of religious terms.},
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One of the problems facing those attempting to revive Hebrew as the national language of the emerging state of Israel was that of Hebrew lexical voids. The ‘revivalists’ attempted to use mainly internal sources of lexical enrichment but were faced with a paucity of roots. They changed the meanings of obsolete Hebrew terms to fit the modern world. This infusion often entailed the secularization of religious terms.
2009
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns Journal Article
In: Journal of Language Contact, vol. 2, no. 2, 2009.
@article{Zuckermann2009bb,
title = {Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.1163 / 000000009792497788},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-06-01},
journal = {Journal of Language Contact},
volume = {2},
number = {2},
abstract = {The aim of this article is to suggest that due to the ubiquitous multiple causation, the revival of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists' mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character. The article highlights salient morphological constructions and categories, illustrating the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of Israeli, somewhat misleadingly a.k.a. 'Modern Hebrew'. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics or productivity. Multiple causation is manifested in the Congruence Principle, according to which if a feature exists in more than one contributing language, it is more likely to persist in the emerging language. Consequently, the reality of linguistic genesis is far more complex than a simple family tree system allows. 'Revived' languages are unlikely to have a single parent. The multisourced nature of Israeli and the role of the Congruence Principle in its genesis have implications for historical linguistics, language planning and the study of language, culture and identity.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The aim of this article is to suggest that due to the ubiquitous multiple causation, the revival of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists' mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character. The article highlights salient morphological constructions and categories, illustrating the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of Israeli, somewhat misleadingly a.k.a. 'Modern Hebrew'. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics or productivity. Multiple causation is manifested in the Congruence Principle, according to which if a feature exists in more than one contributing language, it is more likely to persist in the emerging language. Consequently, the reality of linguistic genesis is far more complex than a simple family tree system allows. 'Revived' languages are unlikely to have a single parent. The multisourced nature of Israeli and the role of the Congruence Principle in its genesis have implications for historical linguistics, language planning and the study of language, culture and identity.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Diaspora influences on modern Hebrew ("Israeli") Journal Article
In: vol. 1, pp. 200-205, 2009.
@article{Zuckermann2009,
title = {Diaspora influences on modern Hebrew ("Israeli")},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
volume = {1},
pages = {200-205},
keywords = {},
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Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
The semantics of clause linking in Israeli Journal Article
In: pp. 178-190, 2009.
@article{Zuckermann2009b,
title = {The semantics of clause linking in Israeli},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
pages = {178-190},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Without any shame: Israeli, speak Israeli Journal Article
In: pp. 167-172, 2009.
@article{Zuckermann2009bb,
title = {Without any shame: Israeli, speak Israeli},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
pages = {167-172},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2008
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Icelandic: Phonosemantic Matching: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages Book Chapter
In: pp. 19-43, Multilingual Matters, 2008, ISBN: 9781847690524.
@inbook{Zuckermann2008b,
title = {Icelandic: Phonosemantic Matching: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
doi = {10.21832/9781847690524-005},
isbn = {9781847690524},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-12-31},
pages = {19-43},
publisher = {Multilingual Matters},
abstract = {In this chapter we account for phonosemantic matching (PSM; see Zuckermann, 1999, 2000, 2003a, 2003b, 2005a;‘echoing word-formation’in Sapir, 2008) in Icelandic. We will provide an overview of the Icelandic language, its structure, language planning and word-formation, and introduce the mechanism of PSM in general. We then illustrate two aspects of Icelandic PSM: word-formation, as PSM is one of many Icelandic word-formation types, and typology, by demonstrating PSM in other languages. PSM is divided into two main categories: PSM through a preexistent form and PSM through a new form. Finally, we present the conclusions and theoretical implications of this chapter. Sapir (2008) suggests the following taxonomy of the sources used to form new words in the language.},
type = {inbook},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
In this chapter we account for phonosemantic matching (PSM; see Zuckermann, 1999, 2000, 2003a, 2003b, 2005a;‘echoing word-formation’in Sapir, 2008) in Icelandic. We will provide an overview of the Icelandic language, its structure, language planning and word-formation, and introduce the mechanism of PSM in general. We then illustrate two aspects of Icelandic PSM: word-formation, as PSM is one of many Icelandic word-formation types, and typology, by demonstrating PSM in other languages. PSM is divided into two main categories: PSM through a preexistent form and PSM through a new form. Finally, we present the conclusions and theoretical implications of this chapter. Sapir (2008) suggests the following taxonomy of the sources used to form new words in the language.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad; Sapir, Yair
Icelandic: Phonosemantic matching Journal Article
In: pp. 19-43, 2008.
@article{Zuckermann2008bb,
title = {Icelandic: Phonosemantic matching},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann and Yair Sapir},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-05-22},
pages = {19-43},
abstract = {In this chapter we account for phonosemantic matching (PSM; see Zuckermann, 1999, 2000, 2003a, 2003b, 2005a;‘echoing word-formation’in Sapir, 2008) in Icelandic. We will provide an overview of the Icelandic language, its structure, language planning and word-formation, and introduce the mechanism of PSM in general. We then illustrate two aspects of Icelandic PSM: word-formation, as PSM is one of many Icelandic word-formation types, and typology, by demonstrating PSM in other languages. PSM is divided into two main categories: PSM through a preexistent form and PSM through a new form. Finally, we present the conclusions and theoretical implications of this chapter. Sapir (2008) suggests the following taxonomy of the sources used to form new words in the language. },
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this chapter we account for phonosemantic matching (PSM; see Zuckermann, 1999, 2000, 2003a, 2003b, 2005a;‘echoing word-formation’in Sapir, 2008) in Icelandic. We will provide an overview of the Icelandic language, its structure, language planning and word-formation, and introduce the mechanism of PSM in general. We then illustrate two aspects of Icelandic PSM: word-formation, as PSM is one of many Icelandic word-formation types, and typology, by demonstrating PSM in other languages. PSM is divided into two main categories: PSM through a preexistent form and PSM through a new form. Finally, we present the conclusions and theoretical implications of this chapter. Sapir (2008) suggests the following taxonomy of the sources used to form new words in the language.
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
Af ekhad lo medaber ivrit (No one speaks Hebrew) Journal Article
In: NRG Maariv-Tarbut-Sifrut, vol. 12, pp. 1-5, 2008.
@article{Zuckermann2008,
title = {Af ekhad lo medaber ivrit (No one speaks Hebrew)},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {NRG Maariv-Tarbut-Sifrut},
volume = {12},
pages = {1-5},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad
"Realistic prescriptivism": The Academy of the Hebrew Language, its campaign of "good grammar" and lexpionage, and the native Israeli speakers Journal Article
In: Israel Studies in Language and Society, vol. 1, pp. 150-165, 2008.
@article{Zuckermann2008bb,
title = {"Realistic prescriptivism": The Academy of the Hebrew Language, its campaign of "good grammar" and lexpionage, and the native Israeli speakers},
author = {Ghil‘ad Zuckermann},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Israel Studies in Language and Society},
volume = {1},
pages = {150-165},
abstract = {This chapter explores the futile lexpionage (lexical+ espionage) of the Academy of the Hebrew Language. During the past century, Israeli has become the primary mode of communication in all domains of Israel’s public and private life. Issues of language are so sensitive in Israel that politicians are often involved. For example, in an article in Ha’aretz (21 June 2004), the late left-wing politician Yossi Sarid attacked the (most widespread)‘common language of éser shékel’as inarticulate and monstrous, and urged civilians to fight it and protect ‘Hebrew’. However, most Israelis say éser shékel ‘ten shekels’ rather than asar-á shkal-ím (original Hebrew pronunciation:[ʕǎśåˈrå ʃəqåˈli: m]), the former literally meaning ‘ten (masculine singular) shekel (masculine singular)’, the latter ‘ten (feminine singular) shekels (masculine plural)’, and thus having a ‘polarity-of-gender agreement’—with a feminine numeral.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This chapter explores the futile lexpionage (lexical+ espionage) of the Academy of the Hebrew Language. During the past century, Israeli has become the primary mode of communication in all domains of Israel’s public and private life. Issues of language are so sensitive in Israel that politicians are often involved. For example, in an article in Ha’aretz (21 June 2004), the late left-wing politician Yossi Sarid attacked the (most widespread)‘common language of éser shékel’as inarticulate and monstrous, and urged civilians to fight it and protect ‘Hebrew’. However, most Israelis say éser shékel ‘ten shekels’ rather than asar-á shkal-ím (original Hebrew pronunciation:[ʕǎśåˈrå ʃəqåˈli: m]), the former literally meaning ‘ten (masculine singular) shekel (masculine singular)’, the latter ‘ten (feminine singular) shekels (masculine plural)’, and thus having a ‘polarity-of-gender agreement’—with a feminine numeral.