@article{Cardoso2021,

title = {Synchronic variation in Sri Lanka Portuguese personal pronouns},

author = {Hugo Cardoso and Patrícia Costa},

doi = {10.1075/jpcl.00070.car},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-15},

urldate = {2021-03-15},

journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},

volume = {36},

number = {1},

pages = {77 - 108},

abstract = {This paper presents and discusses the instances of synchronic variation attested in the personal pronoun paradigm of modern Sri Lanka Portuguese, an endangered Portuguese-based creole spoken by relatively small communities scattered across Eastern and Northern Sri Lanka. Although Sri Lanka Portuguese has a long history of documentation dating from, at least, the beginning of the 19 century, only a few studies have explicitly reported cases of synchronic variation. This study aims, therefore, to fill that gap, by contributing to the description and explanation of patterns of variation relating to the personal pronoun paradigm as encountered in documentary data collected between 2015 and 2020, over several field trips to the districts of Ampara, Batticaloa, Jaffna, and Trincomalee. The nature of the variation observed in the data ranges from phonetic alternations to strategies of paradigm regularization and stylistic shrinkage, often revealing the effects of diachronic processes of variant competition and substitution. Combining the observed patterns of variation with surveyed linguistic trends of language shift, we propose that obsolescence may be responsible for some of the variability encountered in modern SLP personal pronouns, especially that associated with certain socially- or geographically-defined subsets of the speech community (viz. the younger generations and the speakers from Jaffna) characterized by advanced language loss.

},

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@article{Cardoso2020b,

title = {Shining a Spotlight on the History of Diu},

author = {Hugo Cardoso and Pedro Pombo},

doi = {10.1163/22879811-12340075},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-07-14},

urldate = {2020-07-14},

journal = {The Asian review of World Histories},

volume = {8},

number = {2},

pages = {203-206},

abstract = {The small island of Diu is located just off the southern tip of the peninsula of Saurashtra, in Gujarat (India), and it is currently integrated within one of the country’s union territories.1 At present, the island may seem rather peripheral, but Diu has a complex history that is crisscrossed by multiple

influences from near and far, making it especially cosmopolitan and, in many ways, central. The colonial rule of the Portuguese, which extended from 1535 to 1961, has greatly impacted Diu and the Diuese and is undoubtedly crucial to defining this territory’s unique history from the early modern period up to the present day. The enormous interest shown by the Portuguese in Diu from the very outset of their imperial engagement with South Asia derived from the island’s strategic importance and commercial vitality—which, in turn, had already placed it at the center of important networks of people and trade extending not only inland but also across the Indian Ocean (especially toward the Persian Gulf and East Africa).},

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@article{Cardoso2019,

title = {Documenting modern Sri Lanka Portuguese},

author = {Hugo Cardoso and Mahesh Radhakrishnan and Patrícia Costa and Rui Pereira},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-12-01},

urldate = {2019-12-01},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cardoso2019b,

title = {The synchrony and diachrony of an Asian-Portuguese causal morpheme},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-07-01},

urldate = {2019-07-01},

journal = {Journal of Ibero-Romance Creoles},

volume = {9},

pages = {27-54},

abstract = {his study explores the use of a particular causal morpheme, derived from a protoform that may be reconstructed as *[V/B]IDA, in the Portuguese-lexified creoles of Asia. A survey of the various formal means employed by the Asian-Portuguese creoles to establish relationships of cause, reason, and purpose demonstrates that only three may be said with certainty to use or have used a *[V/B]IDA-related morpheme, viz. those of the Malabar (South India), Sri Lanka, and Batavia/Tugu (Java, Indonesia) – a geographical distribution which, it is argued, calls for an assessment of the exact role of South Asian populations in the formation of Batavia/Tugu creole, in addition to other pieces of linguistic and ethnographic evidence. In order to determine the etymology and synchronic transformations of these causal morphemes, this study also explores several diachronic and dialectal corpora of Portuguese, which reveals that the Portuguese expression por via de ‘by way of’ is a more likely source than another proposed alternative, por vida de ‘by the life of’.},

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tppubtype = {article}

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@article{Cardoso2019d,

title = {The Lisbon book of pantuns},

author = {Hugo Cardoso and Ivo Castro and Gijs Koster and Alan Baxter and Karl Alexander Adelaar},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

pages = {315-317},

abstract = {Recently, in the archives of Lisbon’s Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, a manuscript of considerable historical, linguistic and literary interest, presumably hailing from 18th century Batavia (now Jakarta, in Indonesia), has been discovered. «Rediscovered» might be a more accurate term, since the manuscript, which bears the title of Panton Malaijoe dan Portugees (Malay and Portuguese Pantuns), was not entirely unknown. In fact, it surfaced in the 19" century and was mentioned by one ofits former owners, Professor Hugo Schuchardt from the University of Graz, in his description of the Portuguese-lexified creole of Batavia and Tugu.},

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@article{Cardoso2018,

title = {The Creole of Diu in Hugo Schuchardt’s Archive},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

doi = {10.1080/02666030.2018.1440058},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-03-21},

urldate = {2018-03-21},

journal = {South Asian Studies},

pages = {1-16},

abstract = {With close to 200 speakers, the Indo-Portuguese Creole of Diu is currently spoken by a fraction of the island’s population and, despite a centuries-old history, has been largely unacknowledged. In the last decade, it was the object of linguistic documentation and description, making it available to researchers in the field of Creole Studies. Before that, however, the only significant source of linguistic information was a seminal 1883 article by Hugo Schuchardt, all the more relevant by the fact that it was one of the first publications dedicated to a creole by the pioneer of Creole Studies. To write it, Schuchardt relied on data obtained through a vast network of correspondents scattered across the globe. The recent edition of Schuchardt’s letter and manuscript archive, a collective effort coordinated by the Institute of Linguistics of the University of Graz, now makes it possible to reconstruct nineteenth-century interest in this language and ensuing scholarly debates. Here, we explore this archive and complementary sources to: (a) retrace Schuchardt’s steps in search of adequate informants; (b) observe Schuchardt’s process of data collection and analysis; (c) recover the opinions of several interlocutors about the status of Diu Creole; and (d) reconstruct the impact of the article’s publication.},

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@article{Cardoso2018b,

title = {Diu and the Diuese: Indian Ocean, Heritage, and Cultural Landscape},

author = {Hugo Cardoso and Pedro Pombo},

doi = {10.1080/02666030.2018.1439435},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-02},

urldate = {2018-01-02},

journal = {South Asian Studies},

volume = {34},

pages = {1-5},

abstract = {The island of Diu, off the coast of Gujarat in Western India, is peculiar. A laid-back and unassuming place in modern days, relatively hard to reach from anywhere but the Saurashtra peninsula above it (or Mumbai, from which there are now a few flights), most visitors will feel that it establishes a relationship of continuity with the surrounding state of Gujarat as much as it stands apart from it, and may be surprised to encounter a built heritage of a grandeur that seems at odds with its present quietness. While its Portuguese colonial past, which lasted from 1535 to December 1961, may be partly responsible for its specificity, the truth is that Diu was an especially dynamic place long before that. In fact, the historical centrality of Diu is largely unknown and rarely acknowledged, and the particular characteristics of the territory, of its inhabitants, and their culture are very much neglected.



As a contribution towards redressing this obscurity, the international congress, Diu and the Diuese: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, was held in Lisbon in October 2016.1 A selection of the papers presented on that occasion constitutes the contents of this special issue. The objectives of this congress were to locate Diu in broader geographies of research, going beyond its current peripherality to observe this territory not only as a player in former Portuguese colonial networks in Asia, but also in much wider networks of circulation. Granted, in such an endeavour, one must unavoidably approach Diu as a part of former Portuguese India and interpret its fortunes in connection with the strategies of empire in the Indian subcontinent and East Africa. But a highly relevant fact is that, in the sixteenth century, the urgency of the Portuguese in controlling the island derived from the fact that it was already one of the leading ports of western India, with a crucial role in the western Indian Ocean routes that linked East Africa, the Persian Gulf, and the Indian subcontinent. For centuries, dynamic trade transformed Diu town into a cosmopolitan settlement and brought in diverse communities, art forms, languages, cultures, and knowledge, the signs of which are still visible despite its decline as a bustling port city.



The congress, and therefore this special issue, were intended to be diverse. Participants encountered Diu and its people in different periods of time, met them in different geographies, read them in different sources, and interpreted them through the lenses of different academic disciplines. One of the key aspects of the conceptualization of the congress is revealed in its title and repeated in that of this special issue: ‘Diu and the Diuese’. Approaching Diu as a place plus its inhabitants, in the present as in the past, opens up interdisciplinary dialogues that are crucial to revisit and reinvent research fields. In the case of Diu, it enables us to engage with the stories that are kept alive in the memories of its inhabitants, to acknowledge the considerable impact of intense migratory fluxes to and from Diu, enmeshing colonial and post-colonial dichotomies, and to understand the transportation and transformation of cultural, religious, and linguistic practices.



As a result of the interdisciplinary gesture that underlay the congress, then, the contributions in this volume represent a variety of disciplines, chiefly anthropology, ethnomusicology, linguistics, and literature – though they exclude papers from the strict domain of history, which will feature in a separate publication. As we see it, the wealth of historical, artistic, and social complexities that they unveil stands as an illustration of the need to pay more attention to places, populations, and contexts seen as marginal or secondary. However, precisely because Diu has been in that position and, as such, may be relatively uncharted territory for many, we should start with a brief introduction of the place and its people, and of the extent to which the humanities and social sciences have engaged with them.},

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@article{Cardoso2017b,

title = {Early Notices Regarding Creole Portuguese in Former Portuguese Timor},

author = {Hugo Cardoso and Alan Baxter},

doi = {10.1163/19552629-01002001},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-05-03},

urldate = {2017-05-03},

journal = {Journal of Language Contact},

volume = {10},

number = {2},

pages = {264-317},

abstract = {The area of ​​Bidau, in the East Timorese capital of Dili, was home to the only documented form of Portuguese Creole in Timor. Although Bidau Creole Portuguese is now extinct, by most accounts, a few scattered records allow a glimpse into what it must have been like, and reveal its clear relationship with other Southeast Asian Portuguese-based creoles; Baxter's (1990a) study of Bidau Creole Portuguese was based mostly on a set of recordings made in the context of the Timor Anthropological Mission ["Anthropological Mission to Timor", 1953-1954]. In this article, Baxter (1990a: 3) mentions that "[s]o far, the earliest located reference to Bidau Creole English, and one which contains some impressionistic examples of conversations and the verse of a song, is Castro (1943: 56) , 177)". However, since the publication of this study, a few earlier references to what can be interpreted as Portuguese-based creole in Timor have been located in unpublished archival sources. Hugo Schuchardt and José Leite de Vasconcelos were highly interested in determining whether Creole was spoken in Timor and what the local Portuguese was like. The present study introduces and contextualises these epistolary sources, discussing the linguistic and sociolinguistic material contained therein, and its relevance for the confirmation of different threads of language contact involving Portuguese. Hugo Schuchardt and José Leite de Vasconcelos were highly interested in determining whether Creole was spoken in Timor and what the local Portuguese was like. The present study introduces and contextualises these epistolary sources, discussing the linguistic and sociolinguistic material contained therein, and its relevance for the confirmation of different threads of language contact involving Portuguese. Hugo Schuchardt and José Leite de Vasconcelos were highly interested in determining whether Creole was spoken in Timor and what the local Portuguese was like. The present study introduces and contextualises these epistolary sources, discussing the linguistic and sociolinguistic material contained therein, and its relevance for the confirmation of different threads of language contact involving Portuguese.

},

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@article{Cardoso2017c,

title = {Portuguese descriptions of the languages ​​of Timor-Leste in the transition from the 19th centuries},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Moderna Sprak},

volume = {111},

number = {1},

pages = {1-34},

abstract = {Abstract In the second half of the 19th century, in response to a growing academic interest in the peoples and languages ​​of the world but also to a project to master the languages ​​of the European colonies for the purposes of administration and mission, the first descriptions of Timorese languages ​​began to appear. -East, at the time Portuguese colony. This study reconstitutes the sequence of grammars, dictionaries and didactic works produced in Portuguese, between that time and the Japanese occupation in the context of World War II, presenting their authors (mainly missionaries but also other colonial agents) and analyzing the context, motivation and methodology of its production. It also discusses the dynamics of collaboration or competition that it is possible to glimpse in these linguistic works and in other complementary documents, in which the dimension and constraints of pollination between different sources are perceived, as well as the impact of its publication on the process of (re)cognizing the linguistic diversity of the Timorese territory. Keywords: Timor-Leste; linguistic documentation; Linguistic description; Missionary Linguistics; Colonial linguistics. 1. Introduction Portuguese expansion was early accompanied by significant efforts in linguistic description, which, in some cases, provide us with the first known records of certain languages. In a first phase, this work was carried out by missionaries who saw it as an instrument for the expansion of the Catholic religion in Africa, the Americas and Asia-Pacific (for a summary, see Zwartjes 2001). Taking into account that the first of these works date from the century. XVI, the portion of Timor under Portuguese jurisdiction appears to have been ignored for a long time. In fact, it is necessary to wait until 1886 for the first dedicated work to be published 1 This work was financially supported by the Foundation for Science and Technology, through the FCT Researcher contract (IF/01009/2012), and results from my participation in the project 'The sciences of anthropological classification in Portuguese Timor (1894-1975)', developed at the Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon (ref. HC/0089/2009). I thank its coordinator, Ricardo Roque, for the encouragement and the numerous information he shared throughout the process, as well as two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions. Any errors and omissions are my sole responsibility.

},

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@article{Cardoso2016b,

title = {Sincretismo diminutivo-feminino nos crioulos indo-portugueses},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

urldate = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Revista Internacional de Linguistica Iberoamericana},

volume = {14},

number = {2},

pages = {139-155},

abstract = {This article describes and analyzes the partial syncretism of diminutive and feminine identified in the Northern Indo-Portuguese Creoles (especially that of Diu and the extinct creóle of Bombay), which constitutes a significant divergence with their major lexifier, Portuguese. A general survey of the Asian-Portuguese creóles aimed at defining the geographical distribution of this phenomenon limits it to the northwestern region of India dominated by Indo-Aryan languages (Gujarati and Marathi). On the basis of this observation, we propose and discuss various explanatory factors, some universal and others connected with the contribution of substrate/adstrate languages, which may potentially have been involved in the development of a diminutive-feminine syncretism within this subgroup of Portuguese-lexified creóles.},

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@article{Cardoso2014,

title = {Factoring sociolinguistic variation into the history of Indo-Portuguese},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

urldate = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Revista de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola},

volume = {5},

pages = {87 - 115},

abstract = {Given that the Portuguese-lexified creoles of South Asia are currently spoken by relatively small and close-knit communities, it is often assumed that little sociolinguistic variation will be found within them and/or that this must have been the case throughout their history. This article, however, explores how modern and earlier (18th-/early-20th-century) descriptions and commentaries on the Indo-Portuguese communities reveal a somewhat stratified linguistic repertoire not unlike that of various other creoles around the world. Based on a survey of sources of different periods and character, I argue that there is good reason to assume a considerable degree of sociolinguistic variation in the Indo-Portuguese communities even when the available sources do not record it, and that failure to do so may compromise the validity of our linguistic studies.

},

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@article{Cardoso2012b,

title = {Portuguese in contact. Ana M. Carvalho (org) (2009)},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

doi = {10.1558 / sols.v5i3.513},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-10-21},

urldate = {2012-10-21},

journal = {Sociolinguistic Studies},

volume = {5},

number = {3},

pages = {513-519},

abstract = {Português em contato is an edited volume dedicated entirely to instances of language contact involving Portuguese, with the expressed aim to fill an editorial gap in this field. To that effect, the book congregates 18 studies on a wide variety of contact situations. Following the table of contents and acknowledgements page, the collection opens with an introduction by the editor Ana M. Carvalho. The chapter provides a good overview of the breadth of possible approaches to the general topic of the book, summarising the present-day dispersion of Portuguese across the globe and highlighting instances of multilingualism, diglossia and contact–not only in countries where Portuguese has official status but also among long-standing and recently established lusophone communities elsewhere.},

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@article{Cardoso2012c,

title = {Yaron Matras, Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Pp. xvi, 366. Pb. $45.},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

doi = {10.1017/S0047404511001060},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-02-01},

urldate = {2012-02-01},

journal = {Language in Society},

volume = {41},

number = {1},

pages = {147-148},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cardoso2012d,

title = {Language contact by Yaron Matras},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

doi = {0.2307/41329708},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Language in Society},

volume = {41},

number = {1},

pages = {147-148},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cardoso2012db,

title = {Language contact by Yaron Matras},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

doi = {0.2307/41329708},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

urldate = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Language in Society},

volume = {41},

number = {1},

pages = {147-148},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

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@article{Cardoso2010,

title = {The African slave population of Portuguese India: Demographics and impact on Indo-Portuguese},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

doi = {10.1075/jpcl.25.1.04car},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-03-01},

urldate = {2010-03-01},

journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},

volume = {25},

number = {1},

pages = {95-119},

abstract = {This article is primarily concerned with quantifying the African(-born) population in the early Portuguese settlements in India and defining its linguistic profile, as a means to understand the extent and limitations of its impact on the emerging Indo-Portuguese creoles. Apart from long-established commercial links (including the slave trade) between East Africa and India, which could have facilitated linguistic interchange between the two regions, Smith (1984) and Clements (2000) also consider that the long African sojourn of all those travelling the Cape Route may have transported an African-developed pidgin to Asia. In this article, I concentrate on population displacement brought about by the slave trade.Published sources and data uncovered during archival research permit a characterisation of the African population in terms of (a) their numbers (relative to the overall population), (b) their origin, and (c) their position within the colonial social scale. The scenario that emerges for most territories of Portuguese India is that of a significant slave population distributed over the colonial households in small numbers, in what is best described as a 'homestead society' (Chaudenson 1992, 2001). It is also made evident that there was a steady influx of slave imports well into the 19th century, and that the Bantu-speaking regions of modern-day Mozambique were the primary sources of slaves for the trade with Portuguese India.},

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@article{Cardoso2010b,

title = {The songbook of the northern communities; language, sources and tradition},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

urldate = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Camões – Revista de Letras e Culturas Lusófonas},

volume = {20},

abstract = {Among the Indo-Portuguese communities, the cantiga still assumes a prominent place in many different public occasions. It is sung at liturgical ceremonies, processions and religious festivities, but also at parties, weddings, at the reception of dignitaries and whenever the occasion demands a demonstration of the cultural singularities of the community. This study explores linguistic and thematic characteristics of a portion of the Indo-Portuguese songbook, namely the set of songs that we know to be or have been in current use among northern communities. The oldest set of texts from the northern songbook we have is due to the work of collecting some philologists (especially Hugo Schuchardt, Sebastião Dalgado, António Moniz and Jerónimo Quadros) who, in the transition from the 19th to the 20th century , interested in these questions. More recently, the corpus has been complemented with new collections, either by scholars of Indo-Portuguese languages ​​and traditions, or by initiative of members of the communities themselves. As we look into this corpus, linguistic issues are of the utmost importance, since in all the northern communities we have witnessed the formation of Portuguese lexical-based creole languages. However, the northern songbook cannot, strictly speaking, be dubbed the «Creole songbook» since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of records ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I'll give preference to the designation “songs of northern communities” or “songs of northern communities”. More recently, the corpus has been complemented with new collections, either by scholars of Indo-Portuguese languages ​​and traditions, or by initiative of members of the communities themselves. As we look into this corpus, linguistic issues are of the utmost importance, since in all the northern communities we have witnessed the formation of Portuguese lexical-based creole languages. However, the northern songbook cannot, strictly speaking, be dubbed the «Creole songbook» since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of records ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I'll give preference to the designation “songs of northern communities” or “songs of northern communities”. More recently, the corpus has been complemented with new collections, either by scholars of Indo-Portuguese languages ​​and traditions, or by initiative of members of the communities themselves. As we look into this corpus, linguistic issues are of the utmost importance, since in all the northern communities we have witnessed the formation of Portuguese lexical-based creole languages. However, the northern songbook cannot, strictly speaking, be dubbed the «Creole songbook» since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of records ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I'll give preference to the designation “songs of northern communities” or “songs of northern communities”. the corpus has been complemented with new collections, either by scholars of Indo-Portuguese languages ​​and traditions, or by initiative of members of the communities themselves. As we look into this corpus, linguistic issues are of the utmost importance, since in all the northern communities we have witnessed the formation of Portuguese lexical-based creole languages. However, the northern songbook cannot, strictly speaking, be dubbed the «Creole songbook» since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of records ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I'll give preference to the designation “songs of northern communities” or “songs of northern communities”. the corpus has been complemented with new collections, either by scholars of Indo-Portuguese languages ​​and traditions, or by initiative of members of the communities themselves. As we look into this corpus, linguistic issues are of the utmost importance, since in all the northern communities we have witnessed the formation of Portuguese lexical-based creole languages. However, the northern songbook cannot, strictly speaking, be dubbed the «Creole songbook» since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of records ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I will give preference to the designation “songbook of northern communities” or “northern songbook”. either by scholars of Indo-Portuguese languages ​​and traditions, or by the initiative of members of the communities themselves. As we look into this corpus, linguistic issues are of the utmost importance, since in all the northern communities we have witnessed the formation of Portuguese lexical-based creole languages. However, the northern songbook cannot, strictly speaking, be dubbed the «Creole songbook» since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of records ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I will give preference to the designation “songbook of northern communities” or “northern songbook”. either by scholars of Indo-Portuguese languages ​​and traditions, or by the initiative of members of the communities themselves. As we look into this corpus, linguistic issues are of the utmost importance, since in all the northern communities we have witnessed the formation of Portuguese lexical-based creole languages. However, the northern songbook cannot, strictly speaking, be dubbed the «Creole songbook» since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of records ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I'll give preference to the designation “songs of northern communities” or “songs of northern communities”. the linguistic issues are of the utmost importance, since in all the northern communities there has been the formation of Portuguese lexical-based creole languages. However, the northern songbook cannot, strictly speaking, be dubbed the «Creole songbook» since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of records ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I will give preference to the designation “songbook of northern communities” or “northern songbook”. the linguistic issues are of the utmost importance, since in all the northern communities there has been the formation of Portuguese lexical-based creole languages. However, the northern songbook cannot, strictly speaking, be dubbed the «Creole songbook» since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of records ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I will give preference to the designation “songbook of northern communities” or “northern songbook”. being nicknamed “Creole songbook” since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of registers ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I'll give preference to the designation “songs of northern communities” or “songs of northern communities”. being nicknamed “Creole songbook” since it is quite heterogeneous from a linguistic point of view, encompassing a series of registers ranging from the more uninhibited Creoles to the more metropolitan Portuguese; for this reason, I will give preference to the designation “songbook of northern communities” or “northern songbook”.},

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@article{Cardoso2009b,

title = {Linguistic traces of colonial structure},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-05-05},

urldate = {2009-05-05},

journal = {Linguistic Identity in Postcolonial Multilingual Spaces},

pages = {164-181},

abstract = {This article aims at exploring to what extent the distribution of allegiance to a former colonial language in a post-colonial setting mirrors the social structures set up by the former rulers. The present case study refers to the usage of Indo-Portuguese (henceforth IP) on the island of Diu, India, which was a Portuguese possession from 1535 until as late as 1961. It will become apparent that IP is not the same as standard (European) Portuguese (henceforth SP), the code employed and promoted by the former political administration. We are in fact dealing with a linguistic setting where a creole language (IP), its main lexifier (SP) and the area’s autochthonous language (Gujarati) have for a long time co-existed. While in truth Diu IP (henceforth referred to as DIP) retains for many Diuese the same attitudinal attraction or repulsion as that of SP, awareness of its divergence on the part of those skilled in IP adds a new layer of language interaction where the notion of prestige operates.

Section 2 is a survey of former attempts at categorising and formalising the interplay between language use and the definition of social groups/ethnicities. Given the topic at hand, I pay particular attention to discussions of multilingual societies and the role of language in defining social categories. },

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@article{Cardoso2009c,

title = {Gradual creolization: studies celebrating Jacques Arends},

author = {Hugo Cardoso and R. Selbach and Margot van den Berg},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-04-08},

urldate = {2009-04-08},

volume = {34},

abstract = {Is creolization an abrupt or a gradual process? In this volume leading scholars provide both comparative and case studies that outline their working definitions and their views on the particular or average time depth, or key processes necessary for contact language formation, providing a state-of-the art assessment of the theory of gradual creolization. Authors scrutinize the roles of nativization, demography, initial settlement, language composition, koineization, adstrate presence, bilingualism, as well as a variety of structural features in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages world-wide. From Pacific to Atlantic, French-, English-, Dutch-, Portuguese-and other-lexified restructured varieties are covered. Syntactic, lexical, phonological, historical and socio-cultural studies are grouped into Part 1, Linguistic analysis, and Part 2, Social reconstruction. This volume provides the multi-faceted groundwork and expert discussion that will help formulate further a model of gradual creolization, as called for by the work of the late Jacques Arends.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cardoso2006b,

title = {On the presence versus absence of morphological marking in four Romance-based creoles},

author = {Hugo Cardoso and Jacques Arends and Josje Verhagen and Eva van Lier and Suzanne Dikker},

doi = {10.1515/9783110891683.223},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

urldate = {2006-01-01},

journal = {The Structure of Creole Words},

pages = {223-242},

abstract = {This  paper  addresses  the  ongoing  debate  on  the  status  of  morphology  in  creole  languages.  The  focus will  be  on  the  presence  versus  absence  of specific types  of morphological  mark-ing  in  four  Romance-based  Creoles:  Angolar,  Palenquero,  Papiamentu,  and  Seychellois.  First  of  all,  we  shall  discuss  the  so-called  'Creole  Prototype'  as  defined  by  McWhorter  (1998).  Then,  we  will  present  the morphological  inventories  of  the  Creole  languages  under  consideration,  discussing  both  inflectional and  derivational  morphology.  These  data  will be evaluated  with  reference  to  McWhorter's  claims  about  inflectional  and  derivational  mor-phology  in Creoles, as well as DeGraff s (2001)  and other  scholars'  objections to these.  The  respective  positions  taken  rely  heavily  on  the  canonical  classificatory  distinction  between  inflectional  and  derivational  morphology.  Therefore,  in  the  last  section  we  will  explore  whether the results  will turn  out to be more clear-cut  when using  a different classification of morphology,  namely  the  distinction   between   contextual   and  inherent   inflection  (Booij  1993), as has been suggested by Kihm (2003).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cardoso2006c,

title = {Challenges to Indo-Portuguese across India},

author = {Hugo Cardoso},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

urldate = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the FEL X},

pages = {23-30},

abstract = {This study contrasts the longevity of some Indo-Portuguese varieties with the consummated disappearance of others, to explore the challenges behind its present endangerment. Multilingualism alone is said not to pose a threat to the maintenance of minority languages unless the languages compete for the same domain(s) of usage or social function(s). Despite the territorial dispersion of Indo-Portuguese, data is primarily drawn from Diu, where it is shown that allegiance to (Indo-)Portuguese operates on different levels: a) Religion; b) Social status; c) Ideology; d) Age; e) Economic affluence; f) Education. Religion emerges as a central element, and is therefore an essential domain of intervention for preservation-oriented policies. A distinction is made between the challenges faced by Indo-Portuguese in areas of short-lived Portuguese rule (Cannanore or Korlai) and territories with a longer-standing colonial presence (Diu and Daman), in which Standard Portuguese enters the competitor pool alongside national and state languages (Hindi and Gujarati) or English. Given the status of Indo-Portuguese as a contact language, continuing co-existence with its lexifier and a conspicuous prestige differential between the two conspire to shape Diu Indo-Portuguese's synchronic pattern of variation and to append an additional factor of endangerment to be separately addressed by policy-makers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cardoso2004,

title = {A New Look at the Portuguese Element in Saramaccan},

author = {Hugo Cardoso and Norval S. H. Smith},

doi = {10.5334/jpl.14},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-09-30},

urldate = {2004-09-30},

journal = {Journal of Portuguese Linguistics},

volume = {3},

number = {2},

pages = {115-147},

abstract = {This article contains what is possibly the most accurate wordlist of Portuguese-derived items in Saramaccan (a creole language spoken in the interior of Suriname) produced so far, and attempts to establish the proportions of Portuguese – versus English-derived words – in this language. We believe that the results are very striking when the lexical category of the items concerned is taken into account. These observations are then analysed in the light of a possible scenario of the formation of Saramaccan involving the partial relexification of an earlier form of Sranan (the English-lexifier creole of the coast of Suriname) with Portuguese and/or a Portuguese-based Creole.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}